Nhầm là, tính A=(a-1)²⁰¹⁹+(b²-1)²⁰²⁰+(c³-1)²⁰²¹

Ta có : \(a+b+c=3\Rightarrow\left(a+b+c\right)^2=9\)

\(\Rightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2+2\left(ab+bc+ca\right)=9\)

\(\Rightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2=9-2\left(ab+bc+ca\right)=9-2\times6=3\)

\(\Rightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2=ab+bc+ca\)

\(\Rightarrow2a^2+2b^2+2c^2-2ab-2bc-2ca=0\)

\(\Rightarrow\left(a-b\right)^2+\left(b-c\right)^2+\left(c-a\right)^2=0\)

\(\Rightarrow a=b=c\)

Mà \(a+b+c=3\Rightarrow a=b=c=1\)

\(\Rightarrow A=\left(1-1\right)^{2019}+\left(1^2-1\right)^{2020}+\left(1^3-1\right)^{2021}\)

\(=0^{2019}+0^{2020}+0^{2021}=0\)

Đặt \(P=\dfrac{a^3}{a^2+b^2+ab}+\dfrac{b^3}{b^2+c^2+bc}+\dfrac{c^3}{c^2+a^2+ca}\)

Ta có: \(\dfrac{a^3}{a^2+b^2+ab}=a-\dfrac{ab\left(a+b\right)}{a^2+b^2+ab}\ge a-\dfrac{ab\left(a+b\right)}{3\sqrt[3]{a^3b^3}}=a-\dfrac{a+b}{3}=\dfrac{2a-b}{3}\)

Tương tự: \(\dfrac{b^3}{b^2+c^2+bc}\ge\dfrac{2b-c}{3}\) ; \(\dfrac{c^3}{c^2+a^2+ca}\ge\dfrac{2c-a}{3}\)

Cộng vế:

\(P\ge\dfrac{a+b+c}{3}=673\)

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=673\)

$a^2+b^2+c^2-2(ab+bc+ca)=(a+b+c)^2-4(ab+bc+ca)$

$\ge (a+b+c)^2-\dfrac43(a+b+c)^2\qquad \left(ab+bc+ca\le\dfrac{(a+b+c)^2}{3}\right)$$=-\dfrac13(a+b+c)^2$

Lại có $(a+b+c)^2\ge 3\sqrt[3]{a^2b^2c^2}=3(abc)^{\frac23}<3$ nên cách này không đủ mạnh.

Ta dùng $a^2+b^2+c^2-2(ab+bc+ca)=(a-b)^2+(b-c)^2+(c-a)^2-(ab+bc+ca)$

$\ge -(ab+bc+ca)$

Theo AM-GM,

$ab+bc+ca\le 3\left(\dfrac{ab+bc+ca}{3}\right)\le 3$ và do $abc<1$ nên không thể có $ab=bc=ca=1$.

Suy ra $ab+bc+ca<3$

$\Rightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2-2(ab+bc+ca)>-3$

$\boxed{a^2+b^2+c^2-2(ab+bc+ca)>-3.}$

\(\dfrac{ab}{a+b}=\dfrac{bc}{b+c}=\dfrac{ca}{c+a}\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}=\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}=\dfrac{1}{c}+\dfrac{1}{a}\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{a}=\dfrac{1}{b}=\dfrac{1}{c}=\dfrac{1+1+1}{a+b+c}=\dfrac{3}{a+b+c}=\dfrac{3}{1}=3\)

\(\Rightarrow a=b=c=\dfrac{1}{3}\)

\(\Rightarrow A=\dfrac{a^3\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)}{a^2+b^2+c^2}=a^3=\left(\dfrac{1}{3}\right)^3=\dfrac{1}{27}\)

Bài 2 : 

\(\left(a+b+c\right)^2=3\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\)

<=> a^2 + b^2 + c^2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca = 3ab + 3bc + 3ca 

<=> a^2 + b^2 + c^2 = ab + bc + ca 

<=> 2a^2 + 2b^2 + 2c^2 = 2ab + 2bc + 2ca 

<=> ( a - b )^2 + ( b - c )^2 + ( c - a )^2 = 0 

<=> a = b = c 

1.

\(\Leftrightarrow2a^2+2b^2+18=2ab+6a+6b\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a^2-2ab+b^2\right)+\left(a^2-6a+9\right)+\left(b^2-6b+9\right)=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a-b\right)^2+\left(a-3\right)^2+\left(b-3\right)^2=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a-b=0\\a-3=0\\b-3=0\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Leftrightarrow a=b=3\)

2.

\(\left(a+b+c\right)^2=3\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\)

\(\Leftrightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2+2ab+2bc+2ca=3ab+3bc+3ca\)

\(\Leftrightarrow2a^2+2b^2+2c^2-2ab-2bc-2ca=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a^2-2ab+b^2\right)+\left(b^2-2bc+c^2\right)+\left(c^2-2ca+a^2\right)=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a-b\right)^2+\left(b-c\right)^2+\left(c-a\right)^2=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a-b=0\\b-c=0\\c-a=0\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Leftrightarrow a=b=c\)

Ta có $(a^2+2)(b^2+2)(c^2+2)$

$=a^2b^2c^2+2\sum a^2b^2+4(a^2+b^2+c^2)+8

Suy ra $(a^2+2)(b^2+2)(c^2+2)-18-3(a^2+b^2+c^2)$

$=a^2b^2c^2+2\sum a^2b^2+(a^2+b^2+c^2)-10$

Đặt $s=a^2+b^2+c^2$

Ta có $s\ge ab+bc+ca=3$ và $\sum a^2b^2\ge ab+bc+ca=3$

(vì $ab+bc+ca=3$ và $\sum a^2b^2\ge \dfrac{(ab+bc+ca)^2}{3}$).

Do đó $a^2b^2c^2+2\sum a^2b^2+s-10$$\ge 0+2\cdot3+3-10$$=-1$

Mặt khác $\sum a^2b^2\ge \dfrac{(ab+bc+ca)^2}{3}=3$ nên $a^2b^2c^2+2\sum a^2b^2+s-10$

$\ge a^2b^2c^2+s-4$

Lại có $(ab+bc+ca)^2\ge 3abc(a+b+c)$

$\Rightarrow a+b+c\le \dfrac3{abc}$ và $s=(a+b+c)^2-6\ge \dfrac9{a^2b^2c^2}-6$

Đặt $t=abc$.

Khi đó $a^2b^2c^2+s-4\ge t^2+\dfrac9{t^2}-10$

$=\left(t-\dfrac3t\right)^2-4\ge0$

(vì từ $ab+bc+ca=3$ suy ra $t\le1$).

Vậy $\boxed{(a^2+2)(b^2+2)(c^2+2)-18\ge 3(a^2+b^2+c^2)}.$

Dấu bằng khi $\boxed{a=b=c=1.}$

Đặt A = \(\dfrac{a-b}{1+c^2}+\dfrac{b-c}{1+a^2}+\dfrac{c-a}{1+b^2}=0\)

= \(\dfrac{a-b}{c^2+ab+bc+ca}+\dfrac{b-c}{a^2+ab+bc+ca}+\dfrac{c-a}{b^2+ab+bc+ca}\)

= \(\dfrac{a-b}{\left(c+a\right)\left(c+b\right)}+\dfrac{b-c}{\left(a+b\right)\left(c+a\right)}+\dfrac{c-a}{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)}\)

= \(\dfrac{\left(a-b\right)\left(a+b\right)+\left(b-c\right)\left(b+c\right)+\left(c+a\right)\left(c-a\right)}{\left(c+a\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(a+b\right)}\)

= \(\dfrac{a^2-b^2+b^2-c^2+c^2-a^2}{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)}=0\)

\(\dfrac{a-b}{1+c^2}+\dfrac{b-c}{1+a^2}+\dfrac{c-a}{1+b^2}\)

\(=\dfrac{a-b}{ab+bc+ca+c^2}+\dfrac{b-c}{ab+bc+ca+a^2}+\dfrac{c-a}{ab+bc+ca+b^2}\)

\(=\dfrac{a-b}{\left(c+a\right)\left(c+b\right)}+\dfrac{b-c}{\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)}+\dfrac{c-a}{\left(b+a\right)\left(b+c\right)}\)

\(=\dfrac{\left(a-b\right)\left(a+b\right)+\left(b-c\right)\left(b+c\right)+\left(c-a\right)\left(c+a\right)}{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)}\)

\(=\dfrac{a^2-b^2+b^2-c^2+c^2-a^2}{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)}=0\)

\(P=\dfrac{a^2+b^2+c^2}{ab+bc+ca}\ge\dfrac{ab+bc+ca}{ab+bc+ca}=1\)

\(P_{min}=1\) khi \(a=b=c=1\)

\(P=\dfrac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2-2\left(ab+bc+ca\right)}{ab+bc+ca}=\dfrac{9}{ab+bc+ca}-2\)

Do \(a;b\ge1\Rightarrow\left(a-1\right)\left(b-1\right)\ge0\Rightarrow ab\ge a+b-1=2-c\)

\(\Rightarrow ab+c\left(a+b\right)\ge2-c+c\left(3-c\right)=-c^2+2c+2=c\left(2-c\right)+2\ge2\)

\(\Rightarrow P\le\dfrac{9}{2}-2=\dfrac{5}{2}\)

\(P_{max}=\dfrac{5}{2}\) khi \(\left(a;b;c\right)=\left(1;2;0\right);\left(2;1;0\right)\)

Giả sử a<0,vì abc>0 nên bc<0.Mặt khác thì ab+ac+bc>0<=>a(b+c)>-bc>0=>a(b+c)>0,mà a<0 nên b+c<0=>a+b+c<0(vô lý).Vậy điều giả sử trên là sai, 
a,b,c là 3 số dương.

Giả sử a<0,vì abc>0 nên bc<0.Mặt khác thì ab+ac+bc>0<=>a(b+c)>-bc>0=>a(b+c)>0,mà a<0 nên b+c<0=>a+b+c<0(vô lý).

Vậy điều giả sử trên là sai, 
Do đó a,b,c là 3 số dương.