\(\left|\overrightarrow{a}-2\cdot\overrightarrow{b}\right|=\sqrt{15}\)

=>\(\left(\overrightarrow{a}-2\cdot\overrightarrow{b}\right)\left(\overrightarrow{a}-2\cdot\overrightarrow{b}\right)=15\)

=>\(\overrightarrow{a}\cdot\overrightarrow{a}-4\cdot\overrightarrow{a}\cdot\overrightarrow{b}+4\cdot\overrightarrow{b}\cdot\overrightarrow{b}=15\)

=>\(\left(\left|\overrightarrow{a}\right|\right)^2-4\cdot\overrightarrow{a}\cdot\overrightarrow{b}+4\cdot\left(\overrightarrow{b}\right)^2=15\)

=>\(1^2+4\cdot2^2-4\cdot\overrightarrow{a}\cdot\overrightarrow{b}=15\)

=>\(4\cdot\overrightarrow{a}\cdot\overrightarrow{b}=1+16-15=2\)

=>\(\overrightarrow{a}\cdot\overrightarrow{b}=\frac12\)

b: \(\left(\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}\right)\left(2k\cdot\overrightarrow{a}-\overrightarrow{b}\right)\)

\(=2k\cdot\overrightarrow{a}\cdot\overrightarrow{a}-\overrightarrow{a}\cdot\overrightarrow{b}+2k\cdot\overrightarrow{a}\cdot\overrightarrow{b}-\overrightarrow{b}\cdot\overrightarrow{b}\)

\(=2k\cdot\left(\left|\overrightarrow{a}\right|\right)^2+\overrightarrow{a}\cdot\overrightarrow{b}\left(2k-1\right)-\left(\overrightarrow{b}\right)^2\)

\(=2k\cdot1^2+\left(2k-1\right)\cdot\frac12-2^2=2k+k-\frac12-4=3k-\frac92\)

\(\left(\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}\right)\left(\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}\right)=\left(\left|\overrightarrow{a}\right|\right)^2+2\cdot\overrightarrow{a}\cdot\overrightarrow{b}+\left(\left|\overrightarrow{b}\right|\right)^2\)

\(=1^2+2^2+2\cdot\frac12=5+1=6\)

=>\(\left|\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}\right|=\sqrt6\)

\(\left(2k\cdot\overrightarrow{a}-\overrightarrow{b}\right)^2=4k^2\cdot\left(\left|\overrightarrow{a}\right|\right)^2-2\cdot2k\cdot\overrightarrow{a}\cdot\overrightarrow{b}+\left(\overrightarrow{b}\right)^2\)

\(=4k^2\cdot1-4k\cdot\frac12+4=4k^2-2k+4\)

=>\(\left|2k\cdot\overrightarrow{a}-\overrightarrow{b}\right|=\sqrt{4k^2-2k+4}\)

\(cos\left(\left(\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}\right);\left(2k\cdot\overrightarrow{a}-\overrightarrow{b}\right)\right)=cos60^0=\frac12\)

=>\(\frac{3k-4,5}{\sqrt{6\left(4k^2-2k+4\right)}}=\frac12\)

=>\(\sqrt{\frac{\left(3k-4,5\right)^2}{6\left(4k^2-2k+4\right)}}=\frac12\)

=>\(\frac{\left(3k-4,5\right)^2}{6\left(4k^2-2k+4\right)}=\frac14\)

=>\(6\left(4k^2-2k+4\right)=4\left(3k-4,5\right)^2\)

=>\(4\left(9k^2-27k+20,25\right)=6\left(4k^2-2k+4\right)\)

=>\(36k^2-108k+81=24k^2-12k+24\)

=>\(12k^2-96k+57=0\)

=>\(4k^2-32k+19=0\)

=>\(k=\frac{8\pm3\sqrt5}{2}\)

Tham khảo:

a) Đúng vì vectơ \(\overrightarrow 0 \) cùng hướng với mọi vectơ.

b) Sai. Chẳng hạn: Hai vecto không cùng hướng nhưng cũng không ngược hướng (do chúng không cùng phương).

c) Đúng.

 \(\overrightarrow a \) và \(\overrightarrow b \) đều cùng phương với \(\overrightarrow c \) thì a // c và b // c do đó a // b tức là \(\overrightarrow a \)và \(\overrightarrow b \) cùng phương.

d) Đúng.

\(\overrightarrow a \) và \(\overrightarrow b \) đều cùng hướng với \(\overrightarrow c \) thì \(\overrightarrow a \)và \(\overrightarrow b \) cùng phương , cùng chiều đo đó cùng hướng.

\(\left(\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}\right)^2=\left(\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}\right)\left(\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}\right)\)\(=\left|\overrightarrow{a}\right|^2+\left|\overrightarrow{b}\right|^2+2\overrightarrow{a}\overrightarrow{b}\).
\(\left(\overrightarrow{a}-\overrightarrow{b}\right)^2=\left(\overrightarrow{a}-\overrightarrow{b}\right)\left(\overrightarrow{a}-\overrightarrow{b}\right)\)\(=\left|\overrightarrow{a}\right|^2+\left|\overrightarrow{b}\right|^2-2\overrightarrow{a}\overrightarrow{b}\).
\(\left(\overrightarrow{a}-\overrightarrow{b}\right)\left(\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}\right)=\left|\overrightarrow{a}\right|^2+\overrightarrow{a}\overrightarrow{b}-\overrightarrow{a}\overrightarrow{b}+\left|\overrightarrow{b}\right|^2\)\(=\left|\overrightarrow{a}\right|^2-\left|\overrightarrow{b}\right|^2\).

a) \(\left| {\overrightarrow a  + \overrightarrow b } \right| = \left| {\overrightarrow a } \right| + \left| {\overrightarrow b } \right| \Leftrightarrow {\left| {\overrightarrow a  + \overrightarrow b } \right|^2} = {\left( {\left| {\overrightarrow a } \right| + \left| {\overrightarrow b } \right|} \right)^2}\)

\( \Leftrightarrow {\left( {\overrightarrow a  + \overrightarrow b } \right)^2} = {\left( {\left| {\overrightarrow a } \right| + \left| {\overrightarrow b } \right|} \right)^2} \Leftrightarrow {\left( {\overrightarrow a } \right)^2} + 2\overrightarrow a .\overrightarrow b  + {\left( {\overrightarrow b } \right)^2} = {\left| {\overrightarrow a } \right|^2} + 2.\left| {\overrightarrow a } \right|.\left| {\overrightarrow b } \right| + {\left| {\overrightarrow b } \right|^2}\)

\( \Leftrightarrow {\left| {\overrightarrow a } \right|^2} + 2\overrightarrow a .\overrightarrow b  + {\left| {\overrightarrow b } \right|^2} = {\left| {\overrightarrow a } \right|^2} + 2.\left| {\overrightarrow a } \right|.\left| {\overrightarrow b } \right| + {\left| {\overrightarrow b } \right|^2}\)

\( \Leftrightarrow 2\overrightarrow a .\overrightarrow b  = 2\left| {\overrightarrow a } \right|.\left| {\overrightarrow b } \right|\)

\( \Leftrightarrow 2\left| {\overrightarrow a } \right|.\left| {\overrightarrow b } \right|\cos \left( {\overrightarrow a ,\overrightarrow b } \right) = 2\left| {\overrightarrow a } \right|.\left| {\overrightarrow b } \right|\)

\( \Leftrightarrow \cos \left( {\overrightarrow a ,\overrightarrow b } \right) = 1 \Leftrightarrow \left( {\overrightarrow a ,\overrightarrow b } \right) = 0^\circ \)

Vậy \(\left| {\overrightarrow a  + \overrightarrow b } \right| = \left| {\overrightarrow a } \right| + \left| {\overrightarrow b } \right| \Leftrightarrow \overrightarrow a , \,\overrightarrow b \) cùng hướng.

b) \(\left| {\overrightarrow a  + \overrightarrow b } \right| = \left| {\overrightarrow a  - \overrightarrow b } \right| \Leftrightarrow {\left| {\overrightarrow a  + \overrightarrow b } \right|^2} = {\left| {\overrightarrow a  - \overrightarrow b } \right|^2}\)

\( \Leftrightarrow {\left( {\overrightarrow a  + \overrightarrow b } \right)^2} = {\left( {\overrightarrow a  - \overrightarrow b } \right)^2}\)

\( \Leftrightarrow {\left( {\overrightarrow a } \right)^2} + 2\overrightarrow a .\overrightarrow b  + {\left( {\overrightarrow b } \right)^2} = {\left( {\overrightarrow a } \right)^2} - 2\overrightarrow a .\overrightarrow b  + {\left( {\overrightarrow b } \right)^2}\)

\( \Leftrightarrow 2\overrightarrow a .\overrightarrow b  =  - 2\overrightarrow a .\overrightarrow b  \Leftrightarrow 4\overrightarrow a .\overrightarrow b  = 0\)

\( \Leftrightarrow \overrightarrow a .\overrightarrow b  = 0 \Leftrightarrow \left( {\overrightarrow a ,\overrightarrow b } \right) = 90^\circ \)

Vậy \(\left| {\overrightarrow a  + \overrightarrow b } \right| = \left| {\overrightarrow a  - \overrightarrow b } \right| \Leftrightarrow \overrightarrow a ,\overrightarrow b \) vuông góc với nhau.

a) Theo giả thiết \(\overrightarrow{a}=\overrightarrow{b}\ne\overrightarrow{0}\) nên giả sử \(\overrightarrow{a}=m\overrightarrow{b}\) suy ra:
\(\overrightarrow{a}=m\overrightarrow{a}\Leftrightarrow\left(1-m\right)\overrightarrow{a}=\overrightarrow{0}\).
\(\Leftrightarrow1-m=0\) (vì \(\overrightarrow{a}\ne\overrightarrow{0}\) ).
\(\Leftrightarrow m=1\).
b) Nếu \(\overrightarrow{a}=-\overrightarrow{b};\overrightarrow{a}\ne\overrightarrow{0}\).
Giả sử \(\overrightarrow{a}=m\overrightarrow{b}\Leftrightarrow\overrightarrow{a}=-m\overrightarrow{a}\)\(\Leftrightarrow\overrightarrow{a}\left(1+m\right)=\overrightarrow{0}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow1+m=0\)\(\Leftrightarrow m=-1\).
c) Do \(\overrightarrow{a}\) , \(\overrightarrow{b}\) cùng hướng nên: \(m>0\).
Mặt khác: \(\overrightarrow{a}=m\overrightarrow{b}\Leftrightarrow\left|\overrightarrow{a}\right|=\left|m\right|.\left|\overrightarrow{b}\right|\)
\(\Leftrightarrow20=5.\left|m\right|\)\(\Leftrightarrow\left|m\right|=4\)
\(\Leftrightarrow m=\pm4\).
Do m > 0 nên m = 4.

d) Do \(\overrightarrow{a},\overrightarrow{b}\) ngược hướng nên m < 0.
\(\left|\overrightarrow{a}\right|=\left|m\right|.\left|\overrightarrow{b}\right|\)\(\Leftrightarrow15=\left|m\right|.3\)\(\Leftrightarrow\left|m\right|=5\)\(\Leftrightarrow m=\pm5\).
Do m < 0 nên m = -5.
e) \(\overrightarrow{a}=\overrightarrow{0};\overrightarrow{b}\ne\overrightarrow{0}\) nên\(\overrightarrow{0}=m.\overrightarrow{b}\). Suy ra m = 0.
g) \(\overrightarrow{a}\ne\overrightarrow{0};\overrightarrow{b}=\overrightarrow{0}\) nên \(\overrightarrow{a}=m.\overrightarrow{0}=\overrightarrow{0}\). Suy ra không tồn tại giá trị m thỏa mãn.
h) \(\overrightarrow{a}=\overrightarrow{0};\overrightarrow{b}=\overrightarrow{0}\) nên \(\overrightarrow{0}=m.\overrightarrow{0}\). Suy ra mọi \(m\in R\) đều thỏa mãn.

Lời giải:
Xét hai vecto bất kỳ  \(\overrightarrow{AB}, \overrightarrow{CD}\). Kẻ vecto $\overrightarrow{CT}$ sao cho $\overrightarrow{CT}=\overrightarrow{BA}$

Ta có:

\(|\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{CD}|=|\overrightarrow{TC}+\overrightarrow{CD}|=|\overrightarrow{TD}|\)

\(|\overrightarrow{AB}|+|\overrightarrow{CD}|=|\overrightarrow{TC}|+|\overrightarrow{CD}|\)

Mà theo bđt tam giác thì:

\(|\overrightarrow{TC}+\overrightarrow{CD}|\geq |\overrightarrow{TD}|\Rightarrow |\overrightarrow{AB}|+\overrightarrow{CD}|\geq |\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{CD}|\)

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(T, C,D\) thẳng hàng và $C$ nằm giữa $T,D$

$\Leftrightarrow \overrightarrow{TC}, \overrightarrow{CD}$ cùng hướng 

$\Leftrightarrow \overrightarrow{AB}, \overrightarrow{CD}$ cùng hướng

Vậy với $\overrightarrow{a}, \overrightarrow{b}$ bất kỳ thì $|\overrightarrow{a}|+|\overrightarrow{b}|\geq |\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}|$. Dấu "=" xảy ra khi $\overrightarrow{a}, \overrightarrow{b}$ cùng hướng.

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Áp dụng vào bài toán:

\(|\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}+\overrightarrow{c}|\leq |\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}|+|\overrightarrow{c}|\leq |\overrightarrow{a}|+|\overrightarrow{b}|+|\overrightarrow{c}|\)

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(\overrightarrow{a}, \overrightarrow{b}\) cùng hướng và \(\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}, \overrightarrow{c}\) cùng hướng 

\(\Leftrightarrow \overrightarrow{a}, \overrightarrow{b}, \overrightarrow{c}\) cùng hướng 

a) \(\overrightarrow{u}=3\overrightarrow{a}+2\overrightarrow{b}-4\overrightarrow{c}=3\left(2;1\right)+2\left(3;-4\right)-4\left(-7;2\right)\)
\(=\left(6;3\right)+\left(6;-8\right)-\left(-28;8\right)\)
\(=\left(6+6+28;3-8-8\right)=\left(40;-13\right)\).
b) \(\overrightarrow{x}+\overrightarrow{a}=\overrightarrow{b}-\overrightarrow{c}\Leftrightarrow\overrightarrow{x}=\overrightarrow{b}-\overrightarrow{c}-\overrightarrow{a}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\overrightarrow{x}=\left(3;-4\right)-\left(-7;2\right)-\left(2;1\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\overrightarrow{x}=\left(3+7-2;-4-2-1\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\overrightarrow{x}=\left(8;-7\right)\).
c) Có \(\overrightarrow{c}\left(-7;2\right)=k\overrightarrow{a}+h\overrightarrow{b}=k\left(2;1\right)+h\left(3;-4\right)\)
\(=\left(2k+3h;k-4h\right)\).
Từ đó suy ra: \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}2k+3h=-7\\k-4h=2\end{matrix}\right.\)\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}k=-2\\h=-1\end{matrix}\right.\).