b: ĐKXĐ: x>=-1

\(\sqrt{x+1}=x+1\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x>=-1\\\left(x+1\right)^2=x+1\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\left(x+1\right)\cdot x=0\\x>=-1\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow x\in\left\{0;-1\right\}\)

c: \(\sqrt{x-1}=1-x\)

ĐKXĐ: \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x-1>=0\\1-x< =0\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow x=1\)

Do đó: x=1 là nghiệm của phương trình

d: \(2x+3+\dfrac{4}{x-1}=\dfrac{x^2+3}{x-1}\)(ĐKXĐ: x<>1)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(2x+3\right)\left(x-1\right)+4=x^2+3\)

\(\Leftrightarrow2x^2-2x+3x-3+4-x^2-3=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x^2+x-2=0\)

=>(x+2)(x-1)=0

=>x=-2(nhận) hoặc x=1(loại)

\(1\))\(x^2+5x+8=3\sqrt{x^3+5x^2+7x+6}\left(1\right)\\ĐK:x\ge-\dfrac{3}{2} \\ \left(1\right)\Leftrightarrow x^2+5x+8=3\sqrt{\left(2x+3\right)\left(x^2+x+2\right)}\left(2\right)\)

Đặt \(b=\sqrt{2x+3};a=\sqrt{x^2+x+2}\)

\(\left(2\right)\Leftrightarrow\left(a-b\right)\left(a-2b\right)=0\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}a=b\\a=2b\end{matrix}\right.\)\(\)

\(\Rightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}x=\dfrac{1\pm\sqrt{5}}{2}\\x=\dfrac{7\pm\sqrt{89}}{2}\end{matrix}\right.\)

4)\(ĐK:x\ge-\dfrac{1}{3}\)

\(x^2-7x+2+2\sqrt{3x+1}=0\\ \Leftrightarrow x^2-7x+6+2\sqrt{3x+1}-4=0\\ \Leftrightarrow\left(x-1\right)\left(x-6\right)+\dfrac{12\left(x-1\right)}{2\sqrt{3x+1}+4}=0\\ \Leftrightarrow\left(x-1\right)\left(x-6+\dfrac{12}{2\sqrt{3x+1}+4}\right)=0\\ \Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}x=1\\x-6+\dfrac{12}{2\sqrt{3x+1}+4}=0\left(1\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\left(1\right)\Leftrightarrow\left(x-5\right)+\dfrac{6}{\sqrt{3x+1}+2}-1=0\\ \Leftrightarrow\left(x-5\right)+\dfrac{4-\sqrt{3x+1}}{\sqrt{3x+1}+2}=0\\ \Leftrightarrow\left(x-5\right)-\dfrac{3\left(x-5\right)}{\left(\sqrt{3x+1}+2\right)\left(4+\sqrt{3x+1}\right)}=0\\ \Leftrightarrow\left(x-5\right)\left(1-\dfrac{3}{\left(\sqrt{3x+1}+2\right)\left(4+\sqrt{3x+1}\right)}\right)=0\\ \Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}x=5\\\left(1-\dfrac{3}{\left(\sqrt{3x+1}+2\right)\left(4+\sqrt{3x+1}\right)}\right)=0\left(2\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\left(2\right)\Leftrightarrow\left(\sqrt{3x+1}+2\right)\left(4+\sqrt{3x+1}\right)=3\\ \Leftrightarrow3x+1+6\sqrt{3x+1}+8=3\\ \Leftrightarrow x+2\sqrt{3x+1}+2=0\\ \Leftrightarrow2\sqrt{3x+1}=-x-2\ge0\Leftrightarrow x\le-2\)

Vậy pt có 2 nghiệm là x=1 và x=5

a) \(\sqrt{5x+3}=3x-7\)\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}5x+3=\left(3x-7\right)^2\\3x-7\ge0\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}5x+3=9x^2-42x+49\\x\ge\dfrac{7}{3}\end{matrix}\right.\)\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}9x^2-47x+46=0\\x\ge\dfrac{7}{3}\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\left[{}\begin{matrix}x=\dfrac{47+\sqrt{553}}{18}\\x=\dfrac{47-\sqrt{553}}{18}\end{matrix}\right.\\x\ge\dfrac{7}{3}\end{matrix}\right.\)\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{47+\sqrt{553}}{18}\).

b) \(\sqrt{3x^2-2x-1}=3x+1\)\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}3x^2-2x-1=\left(3x+1\right)^2\\3x+1\ge0\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}6x^2+8x+2=0\\x\ge\dfrac{-1}{3}\end{matrix}\right.\)\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\left[{}\begin{matrix}x=-\dfrac{1}{3}\\x=-1\end{matrix}\right.\\x\ge-\dfrac{1}{3}\end{matrix}\right.\)\(\Leftrightarrow x=-\dfrac{1}{3}\).

Giải các phương trình và hệ phương trình:

a) x² - \(2\sqrt{5}\)x + 5 = 0

Ta có: x² - \(2\sqrt{5}\)x + 5 = 0 <=> ( x = \(\sqrt{5}\) )² = 0 <=> x - \(\sqrt{5}\) = 0 <=> x = \(\sqrt{5}\)

Vậy phương trình đã cho có tập nghiệm S = ( \(\sqrt{5}\) )

c) \(\begin{cases}2x+5y=-1\\3x-2y=8\end{cases}\) <=> \(\begin{cases}6x+15y=-3\\6x-4y=16\end{cases}\) <=> \(\begin{cases}19y=-19\\3x-2y=8\end{cases}\) <=> \(\begin{cases}y=-1\\3x-2.\left(-1\right)=8\end{cases}\) <=> \(\begin{cases}y=-1\\x=2\end{cases}\)

Vậy hệ phương trình có 1 nghiệm duy nhất (x ; y) = (2 ; -1)