Ta có $\dfrac1{a^2+a}=\dfrac1{a(a+1)}$

Theo bất đẳng thức Cauchy Engel,

$\left(\sum\dfrac1{a(a+1)}\right)\left(\sum a(a+1)\right)\ge (1+1+1)^2=9$

Suy ra $\sum\dfrac1{a^2+a}\ge \dfrac9{a^2+b^2+c^2+a+b+c}$$\ge \dfrac9{\dfrac{(a+b+c)^2}{\,}+3}$$=\dfrac9{9+3}$$=\dfrac34$

Cách trên chưa đủ mạnh.

Dùng Cauchy–Engel:

$\sum\dfrac1{a^2+a}\ge \dfrac{(1+1+1)^2}{a^2+b^2+c^2+a+b+c}$

$=\dfrac9{a^2+b^2+c^2+3}$

Mà $a^2+b^2+c^2\le (a+b+c)^2=9$ nên $\sum\dfrac1{a^2+a}\ge \dfrac9{12}=\dfrac34$.

Để đạt cận $\dfrac32$, dùng tiếp bất đẳng thức

$\dfrac1{a(a+1)}\ge \dfrac{2(1-a)}{a}$ không thuận lợi.

Ta áp dụng Titu:

$\sum\dfrac1{a(a+1)}\ge \dfrac{(1+1+1)^2}{a(a+1)+b(b+1)+c(c+1)}$

$=\dfrac9{a^2+b^2+c^2+3}$$\ge \dfrac9{(a+b+c)^2-2(ab+bc+ca)+3}$

$=\dfrac9{12-2(ab+bc+ca)}$

Mà $ab+bc+ca\le 3$ nên $\sum\dfrac1{a(a+1)}\ge \dfrac9{12-6}=\dfrac32$

Dấu bằng khi $a=b=c=1$.

$\frac1{a^2+a}+\frac1{b^2+b}+\frac1{c^2+c}\ge \frac32.$

Ta có $\dfrac1{a^2+a}=\dfrac1{a(a+1)}$

Theo bất đẳng thức Cauchy Engel,

$\left(\sum\dfrac1{a(a+1)}\right)\left(\sum a(a+1)\right)\ge (1+1+1)^2=9$

Suy ra $\sum\dfrac1{a^2+a}\ge \dfrac9{a^2+b^2+c^2+a+b+c}$$\ge \dfrac9{\dfrac{(a+b+c)^2}{\,}+3}$$=\dfrac9{9+3}$$=\dfrac34$

Cách trên chưa đủ mạnh.

Dùng Cauchy–Engel:

$\sum\dfrac1{a^2+a}\ge \dfrac{(1+1+1)^2}{a^2+b^2+c^2+a+b+c}$

$=\dfrac9{a^2+b^2+c^2+3}$

Mà $a^2+b^2+c^2\le (a+b+c)^2=9$ nên $\sum\dfrac1{a^2+a}\ge \dfrac9{12}=\dfrac34$.

Để đạt cận $\dfrac32$, dùng tiếp bất đẳng thức

$\dfrac1{a(a+1)}\ge \dfrac{2(1-a)}{a}$ không thuận lợi.

Ta áp dụng Titu:

$\sum\dfrac1{a(a+1)}\ge \dfrac{(1+1+1)^2}{a(a+1)+b(b+1)+c(c+1)}$

$=\dfrac9{a^2+b^2+c^2+3}$$\ge \dfrac9{(a+b+c)^2-2(ab+bc+ca)+3}$

$=\dfrac9{12-2(ab+bc+ca)}$

Mà $ab+bc+ca\le 3$ nên $\sum\dfrac1{a(a+1)}\ge \dfrac9{12-6}=\dfrac32$

Dấu bằng khi $a=b=c=1$.

$\frac1{a^2+a}+\frac1{b^2+b}+\frac1{c^2+c}\ge \frac32.$

Đặt \(P=a^2+b^2+c^2+ab+bc+ca\)

\(P=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(a+b+c\right)^2+\dfrac{1}{2}\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)\)

\(P\ge\dfrac{1}{2}\left(a+b+c\right)^2+\dfrac{1}{6}\left(a+b+c\right)^2=6\)

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=1\)

Cần gấp ko bạn

Nếu gấp thì sang web khác thử

ta có bđt phụ 1: với mọi số thực x;y ta luôn có xy\(\le\frac{\left(x+y\right)^2}{4}\)

CM: \(\left(x-y\right)^2\ge0\)

=> \(x^2-2xy+y^2\ge0\)

\(\Rightarrow x^2+2xy+y^2\ge4xy\)

\(\left(x+y\right)^2\ge4xy\)

=> \(xy\le\frac{\left(x+y\right)^2}{4}\)

ta CM tiếp bđt phụ thứ 2: với mọi số thực dương a, ta có \(a\left(1+a^2\right)\le\frac{\left(a+1\right)^2}{8}\)

CM: áp dụng bđt phụ thứ nhất ta có:

\(2a\left(1+a^2\right)\le\frac{\left\lbrack2a+\left(1+a^2\right)\right\rbrack^2}{4}=\frac{\left(a^2+2a+1\right)^2}{4}=\frac{\left(a+1\right)^4}{4}\)

=> \(a\left(1+a^2\right)\le\frac{\left(a+1\right)^4}{8}\)

CMTT: => \(b\left(1+b^2\right)\le\frac{\left(b+1\right)^4}{8}\)

=> \(c\left(1+c^2\right)\le\frac{\left(c+1\right)^4}{8}\)

=> \(abc\left(1+a^2\right)\left(1+b^2\right)\left(1+c^2\right)\le\frac{\left\lbrack\left(a+1\right)\left(b+1\right)\left(c+1\right)\right\rbrack^4}{512}\)

=> cần CM: \(\frac{\left\lbrack\left(a+1\right)\left(b+1\right)\left(c+1\right)\right\rbrack^4}{512}\le8\Rightarrow\left(\left\lbrack a+1\right)\left(b+1\right)\left(c+1\right)\right\rbrack^4\le8^4\)

mà ta có : \(\left(a+1\right)\left(b+1\right)\le\frac{\left(a+1+b+1\right)^2}{4}=\frac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{4}\)

vì a+b+c=3

=>a+b=3-c thay vào biểu thức trên ta có:

\(\Rightarrow\left(a+1\right)\left(b+1\right)\le\frac{\left(3-c+2\right)^2}{4}=\frac{\left(5-c\right)^2}{4}\)

=>\(\left(a+1\right)\left(b+1\right)\left(c+1\right)\le\frac{\left(5-c\right)^2\left(c+1\right)}{4}\)

cần CM: \(\frac{\left(5-c\right)^2\left(c+1\right)}{4}\le8\Rightarrow\left(5-c\right)^2\left(c+1\right)\le32\)

\(\left(25-10c+c^2\right)\left(c+1\right)\le32\)

\(25c+25-10c^2-10c+c^3+c^2-32\le0\)

\(c^3-9c^2+15c-7\le0\)

\(c^3-c^2-8c^2+8c+7c-7\le0\)

\(c^2\left(c-1\right)-8c\left(c-1\right)+7\left(c-1\right)\le0\)

\(\left(c-1\right)\left(c^2-8c+7\right)\le0\)

\(\left(c-1\right)\left\lbrack c\left(c-1\right)-7\left(c-1\right)\right\rbrack\le0\)

\(\left(c-1\right)^2\left(c-7\right)\le0\)

vì a+b+c=3

=>0<c<3

=> \(\left(c-1\right)^2\left(c-7\right)\le0\) đúng với mọi c

vậy bđt dc chứng minh

Bài 2 : 

\(\left(a+b+c\right)^2=3\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\)

<=> a^2 + b^2 + c^2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca = 3ab + 3bc + 3ca 

<=> a^2 + b^2 + c^2 = ab + bc + ca 

<=> 2a^2 + 2b^2 + 2c^2 = 2ab + 2bc + 2ca 

<=> ( a - b )^2 + ( b - c )^2 + ( c - a )^2 = 0 

<=> a = b = c 

1.

\(\Leftrightarrow2a^2+2b^2+18=2ab+6a+6b\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a^2-2ab+b^2\right)+\left(a^2-6a+9\right)+\left(b^2-6b+9\right)=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a-b\right)^2+\left(a-3\right)^2+\left(b-3\right)^2=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a-b=0\\a-3=0\\b-3=0\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Leftrightarrow a=b=3\)

2.

\(\left(a+b+c\right)^2=3\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\)

\(\Leftrightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2+2ab+2bc+2ca=3ab+3bc+3ca\)

\(\Leftrightarrow2a^2+2b^2+2c^2-2ab-2bc-2ca=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a^2-2ab+b^2\right)+\left(b^2-2bc+c^2\right)+\left(c^2-2ca+a^2\right)=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a-b\right)^2+\left(b-c\right)^2+\left(c-a\right)^2=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a-b=0\\b-c=0\\c-a=0\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Leftrightarrow a=b=c\)

\(9=3a^2+2b^2+2bc+2c^2=\left(a+b+c\right)^2+2a^2+b^2+c^2-2a\left(b+c\right)\)

\(\Rightarrow9\ge\left(a+b+c\right)^2+2a^2+\dfrac{1}{2}\left(b+c\right)^2-2a\left(b+c\right)\)

\(\Rightarrow9\ge\left(a+b+c\right)^2+\dfrac{1}{2}\left(2a-b-c\right)^2\ge\left(a+b+c\right)^2\)

\(\Rightarrow-3\le a+b+c\le3\)

\(T_{max}=3\) khi \(a=b=c=1\)

\(T_{min}=-3\) khi \(a=b=c=-1\)

con cảm ơn thầy ah.

Ta có $\left(\dfrac{a^2}{a+b}+\dfrac{b^2}{b+c}+\dfrac{c^2}{c+a}\right)\left[(a+b)+(b+c)+(c+a)\right]\ge (a+b+c)^2$

$\Rightarrow \dfrac{a^2}{a+b}+\dfrac{b^2}{b+c}+\dfrac{c^2}{c+a}\ge \dfrac{(a+b+c)^2}{2(a+b+c)}$

$\Rightarrow \dfrac{a^2}{a+b}+\dfrac{b^2}{b+c}+\dfrac{c^2}{c+a}\ge \dfrac{a+b+c}{2}$

$\Rightarrow \dfrac{a^2}{a+b}+\dfrac{b^2}{b+c}+\dfrac{c^2}{c+a}\ge \dfrac12$

(vì $a+b+c=1$).

$\boxed{\dfrac{a^2}{a+b}+\dfrac{b^2}{b+c}+\dfrac{c^2}{c+a}\ge \dfrac12}$