a) Áp dụng Cauchy Schwars ta có:

\(M=\frac{a^2}{a+1}+\frac{b^2}{b+1}+\frac{c^2}{c+1}\ge\frac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{a+b+c+3}=\frac{9}{6}=\frac{3}{2}\)

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi: a = b = c = 1

b) \(N=\frac{1}{a}+\frac{4}{b+1}+\frac{9}{c+2}\ge\frac{\left(1+2+3\right)^2}{a+b+c+3}=\frac{36}{6}=6\)

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi: x=y=1

a)

$A=\dfrac{a}{b^2+1}+\dfrac{b}{c^2+1}+\dfrac{c}{a^2+1}$

$\ge \dfrac{(a+b+c)^2}{a(b^2+1)+b(c^2+1)+c(a^2+1)}\qquad (\text{Cauchy Engel})$

$=\dfrac{1}{ab^2+bc^2+ca^2+1}$

$\ge \dfrac{1}{ab(a+b)+bc(b+c)+ca(c+a)+1}$

$=\dfrac{1}{(a+b+c)(ab+bc+ca)+1}

$\ge \dfrac{1}{\frac13+1}$ $=\dfrac34$

Dấu bằng khi $a=b=c=\dfrac13$.

$\boxed{A_{\min}=\dfrac34}$

b)

$B=\dfrac{a}{ab+2c}+\dfrac{b}{bc+2a}+\dfrac{c}{ca+2b}$

$\ge \dfrac{(a+b+c)^2}{a(ab+2c)+b(bc+2a)+c(ca+2b)}$

$=\dfrac4{a^2b+b^2c+c^2a+2(ab+bc+ca)}$

Lại có $a^2b+b^2c+c^2a\le (a+b+c)(ab+bc+ca)$$=2(ab+bc+ca)$

Nên $B\ge \dfrac4{4(ab+bc+ca)}$$=\dfrac1{ab+bc+ca}$

$\ge \dfrac1{\frac{(a+b+c)^2}{3}}$ $=\dfrac34$

Dấu bằng khi $a=b=c=\dfrac23$.

$B_{\min}=\dfrac34$

Rất khủng khiếp (tại cái chương trình của em nó xấu:v) nhưng nó là một cách chứng minh:

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(\frac{a}{b}+\frac{b}{c}+\frac{c}{a}\right)^2\ge\frac{27\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)}{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(\frac{x}{y}+\frac{y}{z}+\frac{z}{x}\right)^2\ge\frac{27\left(x^2+y^2+z^2\right)}{\left(x+y+z\right)^2}\)

Sau khi quy đồng, ta cần chứng minh biểu thức sau đây không âm:

Hiển nhiên đúng vì \(x=min\left\{x,y,z\right\}\)

Ta có: a+b+c=0

nên a+b=-c

Ta có: \(a^2-b^2-c^2\)

\(=a^2-\left(b^2+c^2\right)\)

\(=a^2-\left[\left(b+c\right)^2-2bc\right]\)

\(=a^2-\left(b+c\right)^2+2bc\)

\(=\left(a-b-c\right)\left(a+b+c\right)+2bc\)

\(=2bc\)

Ta có: \(b^2-c^2-a^2\)

\(=b^2-\left(c^2+a^2\right)\)

\(=b^2-\left[\left(c+a\right)^2-2ca\right]\)

\(=b^2-\left(c+a\right)^2+2ca\)

\(=\left(b-c-a\right)\left(b+c+a\right)+2ca\)

\(=2ac\)

Ta có: \(c^2-a^2-b^2\)

\(=c^2-\left(a^2+b^2\right)\)

\(=c^2-\left[\left(a+b\right)^2-2ab\right]\)

\(=c^2-\left(a+b\right)^2+2ab\)

\(=\left(c-a-b\right)\left(c+a+b\right)+2ab\)

\(=2ab\)

Ta có: \(M=\dfrac{a^2}{a^2-b^2-c^2}+\dfrac{b^2}{b^2-c^2-a^2}+\dfrac{c^2}{c^2-a^2-b^2}\)

\(=\dfrac{a^2}{2bc}+\dfrac{b^2}{2ac}+\dfrac{c^2}{2ab}\)

\(=\dfrac{a^3+b^3+c^3}{2abc}\)

Ta có: \(a^3+b^3+c^3\)

\(=\left(a+b\right)^3+c^3-3ab\left(a+b\right)\)

\(=\left(a+b+c\right)\left(a^2+2ab+b^2-ca-cb+c^2\right)-3ab\left(a+b\right)\)

\(=-3ab\left(a+b\right)\)

Thay \(a^3+b^3+c^3=-3ab\left(a+b\right)\) vào biểu thức \(=\dfrac{a^3+b^3+c^3}{2abc}\), ta được: 

\(M=\dfrac{-3ab\left(a+b\right)}{2abc}=\dfrac{-3\left(a+b\right)}{2c}\)

\(=\dfrac{-3\cdot\left(-c\right)}{2c}=\dfrac{3c}{2c}=\dfrac{3}{2}\)

Vậy: \(M=\dfrac{3}{2}\)

Do a+b+c= 0

<=> a+b= -c 

=> (a+b)²= c² 

Tương tự: (c+a)²= b², (c+b)²= a²   

Ta có: \(A=\frac{1}{b^2+c^2-a^2}+\frac{1}{c^2+a^2-b^2}+\frac{1}{a^2+b^2-c^2}\)

\(=\frac{1}{b^2+c^2-\left(b+c\right)^2}+\frac{1}{c^2+a^2-\left(c+a\right)^2}+\frac{1}{a^2+b^2-\left(a+b\right)^2}\)

\(=\frac{1}{-2bc}+\frac{1}{-2ca}+\frac{1}{-2ab}\)

\(=\frac{a+b+c}{-2abc}=0\)

Ta có $\left(\dfrac{a^2}{a+b}+\dfrac{b^2}{b+c}+\dfrac{c^2}{c+a}\right)\left[(a+b)+(b+c)+(c+a)\right]\ge (a+b+c)^2$

$\Rightarrow \dfrac{a^2}{a+b}+\dfrac{b^2}{b+c}+\dfrac{c^2}{c+a}\ge \dfrac{(a+b+c)^2}{2(a+b+c)}$

$\Rightarrow \dfrac{a^2}{a+b}+\dfrac{b^2}{b+c}+\dfrac{c^2}{c+a}\ge \dfrac{a+b+c}{2}$

$\Rightarrow \dfrac{a^2}{a+b}+\dfrac{b^2}{b+c}+\dfrac{c^2}{c+a}\ge \dfrac12$

(vì $a+b+c=1$).

$\boxed{\dfrac{a^2}{a+b}+\dfrac{b^2}{b+c}+\dfrac{c^2}{c+a}\ge \dfrac12}$

Áp dụng bất đẳng thức cosi ta có:

`a^2+b^2>=2ab`

`b^2+c^2>=2bc`

`c^2+a^2>=2ca`

`=>2(a^2+b^2+c^2)>=2ab+2bc+2ca`

`=>3(a^2+b^2+c^2)>=a^2+b^2+c^2+2ab+2bc+2ca`

`=>3A>=(a+b)^2=1`

`=>A>=1/3`

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi `a=b=c=1/3`

Ta có $\dfrac1{a^2+a}=\dfrac1{a(a+1)}$

Theo bất đẳng thức Cauchy Engel,

$\left(\sum\dfrac1{a(a+1)}\right)\left(\sum a(a+1)\right)\ge (1+1+1)^2=9$

Suy ra $\sum\dfrac1{a^2+a}\ge \dfrac9{a^2+b^2+c^2+a+b+c}$$\ge \dfrac9{\dfrac{(a+b+c)^2}{\,}+3}$$=\dfrac9{9+3}$$=\dfrac34$

Cách trên chưa đủ mạnh.

Dùng Cauchy–Engel:

$\sum\dfrac1{a^2+a}\ge \dfrac{(1+1+1)^2}{a^2+b^2+c^2+a+b+c}$

$=\dfrac9{a^2+b^2+c^2+3}$

Mà $a^2+b^2+c^2\le (a+b+c)^2=9$ nên $\sum\dfrac1{a^2+a}\ge \dfrac9{12}=\dfrac34$.

Để đạt cận $\dfrac32$, dùng tiếp bất đẳng thức

$\dfrac1{a(a+1)}\ge \dfrac{2(1-a)}{a}$ không thuận lợi.

Ta áp dụng Titu:

$\sum\dfrac1{a(a+1)}\ge \dfrac{(1+1+1)^2}{a(a+1)+b(b+1)+c(c+1)}$

$=\dfrac9{a^2+b^2+c^2+3}$$\ge \dfrac9{(a+b+c)^2-2(ab+bc+ca)+3}$

$=\dfrac9{12-2(ab+bc+ca)}$

Mà $ab+bc+ca\le 3$ nên $\sum\dfrac1{a(a+1)}\ge \dfrac9{12-6}=\dfrac32$

Dấu bằng khi $a=b=c=1$.

$\frac1{a^2+a}+\frac1{b^2+b}+\frac1{c^2+c}\ge \frac32.$