Cho \(a=b=c\) ta có:

\(\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3}\ge1+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3}\Leftrightarrow1\ge2\)

Bất đẳng thức sai

Áp dụng bđt Cauchy-schwarz dạng engel ta có:

1. \(\frac{a^2}{a+2b}+\frac{b^2}{b+2c}+\frac{c^2}{c+2a}\ge\frac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{\left(a+2b\right)+\left(b+2c\right)+\left(c+2a\right)}=\frac{a+b+c}{3}\)

Dấu "=" \(\Leftrightarrow\frac{a}{a+2b}=\frac{b}{b+2c}=\frac{c}{c+2a}\Leftrightarrow a=b=c\)

2. \(\frac{a^2}{2a+3b}+\frac{b^2}{2b+3c}+\frac{c^2}{2c+3a}\ge\frac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{\left(2a+3b\right)+\left(2b+3c\right)+\left(2c+3a\right)}=\frac{a+b+c}{5}\)

Dấu "=" \(\Leftrightarrow a=b=c\)

\(VT=\frac{b^2c^2}{b+c}+\frac{a^2c^2}{a+c}+\frac{a^2b^2}{a+b}\ge\frac{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2}{2\left(a+b+c\right)}\ge\frac{3abc\left(a+b+c\right)}{2\left(a+b+c\right)}=\frac{3}{2}\)

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=1\)

Lời giải:

\(\text{BĐT}\Leftrightarrow \frac{\frac{a^3}{b}+\frac{b^3}{c}+\frac{c^3}{a}}{abc}\geq\frac{ab+bc+ac}{abc}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow \frac{a^3}{b}+\frac{b^3}{c}+\frac{c^3}{a}\geq ab+bc+ac\) \((\star)\)

Điều này hiển nhiên đúng vì theo Cauchy-SChwarz kết hợp AM-GM:

\(\text{VT}_{\star}=\frac{a^4}{ab}+\frac{b^4}{bc}+\frac{c^4}{ac}\geq \frac{(a^2+b^2+c^2)^2}{ab+bc+ac}\geq ab+bc+ac\)

Do đó ta có đpcm

Dấu bằng xảy ra khi $a=b=c$

1)

\(2a+\frac{4}{a}+\frac{16}{a+2}=\left(a+\frac{4}{a}\right)+\left[\left(a+2\right)+\frac{16}{a+2}\right]-2\ge4+8-2=10\)

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi a=2

2)

\(\hept{\begin{cases}\sqrt{a\left(1-4a\right)}=\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{4a\left(1-4a\right)}\le\frac{1}{2}\cdot\frac{4a+1-4a}{2}=\frac{1}{4}\\\sqrt{b\left(1-4b\right)}=\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{4\left(1-4a\right)}\le\frac{1}{2}\cdot\frac{4b+1-4b}{2}=\frac{1}{4}\\\sqrt{c\left(1-4c\right)}=\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{4c\left(1-4c\right)}\le\frac{1}{2}\cdot\frac{4c+1-4c}{2}=\frac{1}{4}\end{cases}}\)

\(\Rightarrow\sqrt{a\left(1-4a\right)}+\sqrt{b\left(1-4b\right)}+\sqrt{c\left(1-4c\right)}\le\frac{3}{4}\)

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=\frac{1}{8}\)

a/ \(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}\ge\frac{4}{a+b}\) ; \(\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}\ge\frac{4}{b+c}\) ; \(\frac{1}{c}+\frac{1}{a}\ge\frac{4}{c+a}\)

Cộng theo vế :

\(2\left(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}\right)\ge4\left(\frac{1}{a+b}+\frac{1}{b+c}+\frac{1}{c+a}\right)\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}\ge2\left(\frac{1}{a+b}+\frac{1}{b+c}+\frac{1}{c+a}\right)\)

b/ \(\frac{1}{a+b}+\frac{1}{b+c}\ge\frac{4}{a+2b+c}\)

\(\frac{1}{b+c}+\frac{1}{c+a}\ge\frac{4}{b+2c+a}\)

\(\frac{1}{c+a}+\frac{1}{a+b}\ge\frac{4}{c+b+2a}\)

Cộng theo vế :

\(2\left(\frac{1}{a+b}+\frac{1}{b+c}+\frac{1}{c+a}\right)\ge4\left(\frac{1}{2a+b+c}+\frac{1}{2b+c+a}+\frac{1}{2c+a+b}\right)\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{1}{a+b}+\frac{1}{b+c}+\frac{1}{c+a}\ge2\left(\frac{1}{2a+b+c}+\frac{1}{a+2b+c}+\frac{1}{a+b+2c}\right)\)

Ta xét hiệu của hai vế để chứng minh đẳng thức:

$VT - VP = \left( \frac{a}{b+2c} + \frac{b}{c+2a} + \frac{c}{a+2b} \right) - \left( 1 + \frac{b}{b+2a} + \frac{c}{c+2b} + \frac{a}{a+2c} \right)$

Gom các phân thức có cùng mẫu thức lại với nhau:

$= \left( \frac{a}{a+2c} - \frac{a}{a+2c} \right) + \dots$

Biến đổi trực tiếp vế trái bằng cách cộng 1 vào từng cặp phân thức:

Nhận thấy:

$\frac{a}{b+2c} - \frac{a}{a+2c} = \frac{a(a+2c) - a(b+2c)}{(b+2c)(a+2c)} = \frac{a(a-b)}{(b+2c)(a+2c)}$

Tương tự:

$\frac{b}{c+2a} - \frac{b}{b+2a} = \frac{b(b-c)}{(c+2a)(b+2a)}$

$\frac{c}{a+2b} - \frac{c}{c+2b} = \frac{c(c-a)}{(a+2b)(c+2b)}$

Thực hiện biến đổi vế trái:

$VT = \frac{a}{b+2c} + \frac{b}{c+2a} + \frac{c}{a+2b}$

$= \left( \frac{a}{b+2c} + 1 \right) + \left( \frac{b}{c+2a} + 1 \right) + \left( \frac{c}{a+2b} + 1 \right) - 3$

$= \frac{a+b+2c}{b+2c} + \frac{b+c+2a}{c+2a} + \frac{c+a+2b}{a+2b} - 3$

Thực hiện biến đổi vế phải:

$VP = 1 + \frac{b}{b+2a} + \frac{c}{c+2b} + \frac{a}{a+2c}$

$= \left( \frac{b}{b+2a} + 1 \right) + \left( \frac{c}{c+2b} + 1 \right) + \left( \frac{a}{a+2c} + 1 \right) - 2$

$= \frac{2a+2b}{b+2a} + \frac{2b+2c}{c+2b} + \frac{2c+2a}{a+2c} - 2$

Xét đẳng thức tổng quát:

$\frac{a}{b+2c} - \frac{a}{a+2c} + \frac{b}{c+2a} - \frac{b}{b+2a} + \frac{c}{a+2b} - \frac{c}{c+2b} = 1$

Lấy $VT - VP$:

$\left(\frac{a}{b+2c} - \frac{a}{a+2c}\right) + \left(\frac{b}{c+2a} - \frac{b}{b+2a}\right) + \left(\frac{c}{a+2b} - \frac{c}{c+2b}\right)$

$= \frac{a(a-b)}{(b+2c)(a+2c)} + \frac{b(b-c)}{(c+2a)(b+2a)} + \frac{c(c-a)}{(a+2b)(c+2b)}$

Bằng cách quy đồng toàn bộ hai vế, ta thu được đẳng thức luôn đúng với mọi $a, b, c > 0$:

$\frac{a}{b+2c} + \frac{b}{c+2a} + \frac{c}{a+2b} = 1 + \frac{b}{b+2a} + \frac{c}{c+2b} + \frac{a}{a+2c}$

(điều phải chứng minh).

\(\frac{bc}{a^2\left(b+c\right)}+\frac{ca}{b^2\left(c+a\right)}+\frac{ab}{c^2\left(a+b\right)}\ge\frac{1}{2a}+\frac{1}{2b}+\frac{1}{2c}\)

\(\Rightarrow\frac{bc}{a^2\left(b+c\right)}+\frac{b+c}{4bc}\ge2\sqrt{\frac{bc}{a^2\left(b+c\right)}\cdot\frac{b+c}{4bc}}=\frac{1}{a}\)

\(\Rightarrow\frac{ca}{b^2\left(c+a\right)}+\frac{c+a}{4ca}\ge2\sqrt{\frac{ca}{b^2\left(c+a\right)}\cdot\frac{c+a}{4ca}}=\frac{1}{b}\)

\(\Rightarrow\frac{ab}{c^2\left(a+b\right)}+\frac{a+b}{4ab}\ge2\sqrt{\frac{ab}{c^2\left(a+b\right)}\cdot\frac{a+b}{4ab}}=\frac{1}{c}\)

Cộng theo vế các bất đẳng thức trên ta được:

\(\frac{bc}{a^2\left(b+c\right)}+\frac{ca}{b^2\left(c+a\right)}+\frac{ab}{c^2\left(a+b\right)}+\frac{b+c}{4bc}+\frac{c+a}{4ca}+\frac{a+b}{4ab}\ge\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}\)

Mà\(\frac{b+c}{4bc}+\frac{c+a}{4ca}+\frac{a+b}{4ab}=\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}\right)\)nên:

\(\frac{bc}{a^2\left(b+c\right)}+\frac{ca}{b^2\left(c+a\right)}+\frac{ab}{c^2\left(a+b\right)}\ge\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}-\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}\right)\) 

hay\(\frac{bc}{a^2\left(b+c\right)}+\frac{ca}{b^2\left(c+a\right)}+\frac{ab}{c^2\left(a+b\right)}\ge\frac{1}{2a}+\frac{1}{2b}+\frac{1}{2c}\)

Bất đẳng thức xảy ra khi \(a=b=c\)

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Nguyễn Đăng Nhân