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1.
Giả sử $a^{2016}+b^{2017}+c^{2018}\vdots 6.$
Ta cần chứng minh $a^{2018}+b^{2019}+c^{2020}\vdots 6.$
Ta có $a^{2018}-a^{2016}=a^{2016}(a^2-1)=a^{2016}(a-1)(a+1).$
Trong ba số nguyên liên tiếp $a-1,\ a,\ a+1$ luôn có một số chia hết cho $3$ và có ít nhất một số chẵn.
Do đó $a(a-1)(a+1)\vdots6.$
Suy ra $a^{2016}(a^2-1)=a^{2015}\cdot a(a-1)(a+1)\vdots6,$ hay $a^{2018}\equiv a^{2016}\pmod6.$
Tương tự, $b^{2019}-b^{2017}=b^{2017}(b^2-1)=b^{2016}\cdot b(b-1)(b+1)\vdots6,$ nên $b^{2019}\equiv b^{2017}\pmod6.$
Lại có $c^{2020}-c^{2018}=c^{2018}(c^2-1)=c^{2017}\cdot c(c-1)(c+1)\vdots6,$
=nên $c^{2020}\equiv c^{2018}\pmod6.$
Cộng ba đồng dư trên,
$a^{2018}+b^{2019}+c^{2020}\equiva^{2016}+b^{2017}+c^{2018}\pmod6.$
Theo giả thiết, $a^{2016}+b^{2017}+c^{2018}\equiv0\pmod6.$
Suy ra $a^{2018}+b^{2019}+c^{2020}\equiv0\pmod6.$
Vậy $a^{2018}+b^{2019}+c^{2020}$ chia hết cho $6.$
2.
$\displaystyleM=\frac{a^2+4a+1}{a^2+a}+\frac{b^2+4b+1}{b^2+b}+\frac{c^2+4c+1}{c^2+c}.$
Ta có $\displaystyle\frac{x^2+4x+1}{x^2+x}=\frac{x^2+x+3x+1}{x(x+1)}=1+\frac{3x+1}{x(x+1)}.$
Lại có $\displaystyle\frac{3x+1}{x(x+1)}=\frac1x+\frac2{x+1}.`$
Do đó $\displaystyle\frac{x^2+4x+1}{x^2+x}=1+\frac1x+\frac2{x+1}.$
Suy ra $\displaystyleM=3+\left(\frac1a+\frac1b+\frac1c\right)+2\left(\frac1{a+1}+\frac1{b+1}+\frac1{c+1}\right).$
Theo bất đẳng thức Cauchy,
$\displaystyle(a+b+c)\left(\frac1a+\frac1b+\frac1c\right)\ge(1+1+1)^2=9.$
Vì $a+b+c\le3,$ nên $\displaystyle\frac1a+\frac1b+\frac1c\ge\frac9{a+b+c}\ge3.$
Mặt khác, áp dụng bất đẳng thức Cauchy,
$\displaystyle(a+b+c+3)\left(\frac1{a+1}+\frac1{b+1}+\frac1{c+1}\right)\ge9.$
Do $a+b+c+3\le6,$ suy ra $\displaystyle\frac1{a+1}+\frac1{b+1}+\frac1{c+1}\ge\frac96=\frac32.$
Vậy $\displaystyleM\ge3+3+2\cdot\frac32=9.$
Dấu ``='' xảy ra khi $a=b=c=1,$ vì khi đó $a+b+c=3$ và các bất đẳng thức Cauchy đều đạt dấu bằng.
Vậy $M_{\min}=9.$
Có 2 cáchm cách 1 dài nên làm cách 2 cho ngắn
Áp dụng BĐT AM-GM ta có
\(\left(\frac{bc}{a}+\frac{ca}{b}+\frac{ac}{c}\right)^2\ge3\left(\frac{bc}{a}\cdot\frac{ca}{b}+\frac{bc}{a}\cdot\frac{ab}{c}+\frac{ca}{b}\cdot\frac{ab}{c}\right)=3\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)=3\)
\(\Rightarrow P\ge\sqrt{3}\). Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\)
\(M=\frac{\left(a+1\right)^2+2a}{a\left(a+1\right)}+\frac{\left(b+1\right)^2+2b}{b\left(b+1\right)}+\frac{\left(c+1\right)^2+2c}{c\left(c+1\right)}\)
\(M=\frac{a+1}{a}+\frac{b+1}{b}+\frac{c+1}{c}+2\left(\frac{1}{a+1}+\frac{1}{b+1}+\frac{1}{c+1}\right)\)
\(M=3+\left(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}\right)+2\left(\frac{1}{a+1}+\frac{1}{b+1}+\frac{1}{c+1}\right)\)
\(M\ge3+\frac{9}{a+b+c}+2\left(\frac{9}{a+b+c+3}\right)\ge3+3+3=9\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi a=b=c=1
\(\frac{2}{b}=\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{c}\Rightarrow b=\frac{2ac}{a+c}\)
ta có: \(P=\frac{a+\frac{2ac}{a+c}}{2a-\frac{2ac}{a+c}}+\frac{c+\frac{2ac}{a+c}}{2c-\frac{2ac}{a+c}}=\frac{\frac{a^2+3ac}{a+c}}{\frac{2a^2}{a+c}}+\frac{\frac{c^2+3ac}{a+c}}{\frac{2c^2}{a+c}}\)
\(=\frac{a^2+3ac}{2a^2}+\frac{c^2+3ac}{2c^2}=1+\frac{3}{2}\left(\frac{c}{a}+\frac{a}{c}\right)\ge1+\frac{3}{2}\cdot2\sqrt{\frac{c}{a}\cdot\frac{a}{c}}=4\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi a=b=c
\(\sqrt{a^2+\dfrac{1}{b+c}}=\dfrac{2}{\sqrt{17}}\sqrt{\left(4+\dfrac{1}{4}\right)\left(a^2+\dfrac{1}{b+c}\right)}\ge\dfrac{2}{\sqrt{17}}\left(2a+\dfrac{1}{2\sqrt{b+c}}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow A\ge\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{17}}\left(4a+4b+4c+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{a+b}}+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{b+c}}+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{c+a}}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow A\ge\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{17}}\left(4a+4b+4c+\dfrac{9}{\sqrt{a+b}+\sqrt{b+c}+\sqrt{c+a}}\right)\)
Mặt khác:
\(\sqrt{a+b}+\sqrt{b+c}+\sqrt{c+a}\le\sqrt{3\left(a+b+b+c+c+a\right)}=\sqrt{6\left(a+b+c\right)}\)
\(\Rightarrow A\ge\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{17}}\left(4a+4b+4c+\dfrac{9}{\sqrt{6\left(a+b+c\right)}}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow A\ge\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{17}}\left(\dfrac{31}{8}\left(a+b+c\right)+\dfrac{a+b+c}{8}+\dfrac{9}{2\sqrt{6\left(a+b+c\right)}}+\dfrac{9}{2\sqrt{6\left(a+b+c\right)}}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow A\ge\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{17}}\left(\dfrac{31}{8}.6+3\sqrt[3]{\dfrac{81\left(a+b+c\right)}{32.6.\left(a+b+c\right)}}\right)=\dfrac{3\sqrt{17}}{2}\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=2\)
Kurosaki Akatsu giải thế thì đề bài cho \(b^2+c^2\le a^2\) để làm gì?
Áp dụng bất đẳng thức AM-GM ta có :
\(P=\frac{1}{a^2}\left(b^2+c^2\right)+a^2\left(\frac{1}{b^2}+\frac{1}{c^2}\right)\)
\(P=\frac{b^2}{a^2}+\frac{c^2}{a^2}+\frac{a^2}{b^2}+\frac{a^2}{c^2}\ge4.\sqrt[4]{\frac{b^2}{a^2}.\frac{c^2}{a^2}.\frac{a^2}{b^2}.\frac{a^2}{c^2}}=4.1=4\)
=> \(Min_P=4\)
Ta có: \(\frac{a}{1+4b^2}=\frac{a\left(1+4b^2\right)-4ab^2}{1+4b^2}=a-\frac{4ab^2}{1+4b^2}\ge a-\frac{4ab^2}{2\sqrt{4b^2.1}}=a-\frac{2ab^2}{2b}=a-ab\)(bđt cosi)
CMTT: \(\frac{b}{1+4a^2}\ge b-ab\)
=> P \(\ge a+b-2ab=4ab-2ab=2ab\)
Mặt khác ta có: \(a+b\ge2\sqrt{ab}\)(cosi)
=> \(4ab\ge2\sqrt{ab}\) <=> \(2ab\ge\sqrt{ab}\)<=> \(4a^2b^2-ab\ge0\) <=> \(ab\left(4ab-1\right)\ge0\)
<=> \(\orbr{\begin{cases}ab\le0\left(loại\right)\\ab\ge\frac{1}{4}\end{cases}}\)(vì a,b là số thực dương)
=> P \(\ge2\cdot\frac{1}{4}=\frac{1}{2}\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra <=> a = b = 1/2
Vậy MinP = 1/2 <=> a = b= 1/2
Ta có: \(a+b=4ab\le\left(a+b\right)^2\Leftrightarrow\left(a+b\right)\left[\left(a+b\right)-1\right]\ge0\)
Mà \(a+b>0\Rightarrow a+b\ge1\)
Áp dụng BĐT Cô-si, ta có: \(P=\frac{a}{1+4b^2}+\frac{b}{1+4a^2}=\left(a-\frac{4ab^2}{1+4b^2}\right)+\left(b-\frac{4a^2b}{1+4a^2}\right)\)\(\ge\left(a-\frac{4ab^2}{4b}\right)+\left(b-\frac{4a^2b}{4a}\right)=\left(a+b\right)-2ab=\left(a+b\right)-\frac{a+b}{2}=\frac{a+b}{2}\ge\frac{1}{2}\)
Đẳng thức xảy ra khi a = b = 1/2