Chuyển sang bị động
1. The gardeners of the Temple of Literature take care of the trees and flowers.

2. They sold all the tickets for the trip to the Temple of Literature.

3. UNESCO regarded Ha Long Bay as a World Heritage Site in 1994.

4. People regard Oxford University as one of the best universities in the UK.

5. People regarded The imperial Academy as the first university in Viet Nam.

6. King Le Thanh Tong erected The Doctors' stone tablets.

SAVE OUR SEEDS

Over the past four hundred years, four hundred and fifty types of plants and trees around the world have become extinct as a result of the combined effects of global warming, population growth, deforestation, flooding and the fact that deserts are advancing in some regions at a rate of nearly four miles a year. Scientists estimatea quarter of the world’s remaining 270,000 plant species will be under threatof extinction by 2050.

In 1997, in an attempt to try to prevent the loss of such precious resources, volunteers all over Britain began collecting seeds from Britain’s 1,400 species of wild plants, three hundred of which are already facing extinction. The seeds collected are now housedin the Millennium Seed Bank, which opened its doors in 2000. Run by the Royal Botanical Gardens department of the famous Kew Gardens in London, the bank is located in Sussex, about thirty-five miles outside of the capital.

The bank is expected to become the world’s biggest seed bank and, apart from preservingalmost all the plant life in Britain, it also aims to have saved the seeds of more than 24,000 species of plant life, almost a tenth of the world’s flowering plants, in the next twenty years. If they are successful, the Millennium Seed Bank Project will be one of the largest international conservation projects ever undertaken.

In order to achieve this aim, the Millennium Seed Bank has a team of scientists who travel to remote corners of the world to find and collect seeds. They work together with local botanists and also help them to set uptheir own seed banks by training local scientists. They also spend a great deal of time negotiatingwith governments to allow them to collect the seeds and bring them back to Britain for storage in the Millennium Seed Bank.

When these seeds arrive at the seed bank, they are sorted,separated by hand from their pods, cleaned and dried and then X-rayed to make sure that they haven't been damaged in any way that might stop them from growing into healthy plants. Finally, they are placed in ordinary glass jars and stored in three underground vaults at temperatures of -20°C. Most plant species have seeds that can be dried, frozen and stored for years and still grow into healthy plants. However, the seeds of some species cannot be dried, so they can’t be stored in seed banks in the usual way. These seeds include many rainforest tree species and plants that grow underwater.

Roger Smith, head of the Millennium Seed Bank, explains that scientists at the bank are already working on finding new ways of storing those seeds that cannot survive the drying and freezing process, and also on how to regeneratethe seeds when they become extinct in their natural habitats. “At the moment, all we’re doing is preserving these plants for the future. We won’t have managed to conserveany species until we find the way to successfully regeneratethem and grow new plants from them,” points out Smith. “But at least this way, when the technology becomes available, and it will, we won’t have lost everything.”

As well as preserving seeds for the future, the seed bank also receives 2000 requests per yearfor seeds from universities, governments and conservationist organisations for use in various types of research – for example, to find cures for diseases, to grow food in the developing worldand to help in projects that restorethe natural habitats of endangered animal species so they can be releasedback into the wild. Dr Hugh Pritchard, head of research at the Millennium Seed Bank, says: “While it’s true that many of the plants we preserve at the bank aren’t useful at the moment, that doesn’t mean they won’t become useful in the future. Something like thirty per cent of the medicines we use today are based on products or chemicals which have been extracted from plants. So it’s easy to see why we need to preserve the diversityof the earth’s plant life for the future.”

1. What do scientists believe will happen by 2050?

A)All plant life will be altered.

В) 450 types of plants will be in danger of becoming extinct.

С) Part of the world’s plant life will face extinction.

D) Environmental factors will affect only 450 plant species.

2. Where can the Millennium Seed Bank be found?

A)outside Sussex С)in the Royal Botanical Gardens

В) outside London D) in the Kew Gardens

3. The main objective of the Millennium Seed Bank is to

A)save the seeds of thousands of the world’s plants.

B) protect all flowering plants in the world.

С) start a new international project in the next few years.

D) undertake a larger conservation project soon.

4. The Millennium Seed Bank carries out its work by

A) training foreign governments to plant seeds.

В) travelling around the world with botanists from other countries.

C) helping other international seed banks.

D) collecting international seeds and returning them to Britain for storage.

5. The methods used in storing the seeds show that

A) all seeds can be preserved for many years.

B) some species cannot be stored by regular means.

C) some of the plant species develop into healthy plants.

D) some seeds are damaged when X-rayed.

6. The Millennium Seed Bank is trying to

A) reproduce new plants from the seeds.

В) reduce the storage lives of some seeds.

С) destroy the seeds that cannot be frozen.

D) plant the seeds that have a short storage life.

7. Why is this project important, according to Dr Pritchard?

A) It’s useful to medical research.

B) It’s useful in technological research.

C) It helps governments in developing countries.

D) It helps animal habitats.

THE IMPORTANCE OF SCIENCE
The aim of science is to (72) ……………………. out how the world and everything in it, and beyond it, works.
Some people, though, (73) ……………………. that much of what is done in the name of science is a waste of time
and money. What is the (74) ……………………. in investigating how atoms behave or in studying stars billions of
kilometers away? Science, they argue, is of (75) ……………………. only if it has some practical use.
When the Scottish scientist James Clerk Maxwell (76) ……………………. experiments with electricity and
magnetism in the late 19th century, he had no particular end in (77) ……………………. and was certainly not (78)
……………………. to make money; he was simply trying to reveal more about how the world works. And yet his
work laid the (79) ……………………. for our modern way of life. Computers, the internet, satellites, mobile phones,
televisions, medical scanners all owe their existence to the fact that a scientist (80) ……………………. the need
to understand the world a little better.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B , C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

This rapid transcontinental settlement and these new urban industrial circumstances of the last half of the 19th century were accompanied by the development of a national literature of great abundance and variety. New themes, new forms, new subjects, new regions, new authors, new audiences all emerged in the literature of this half century.

As a result, at the onset of World War I, the spirit and substance of American literature had evolved remarkably, just as its center of production had shifted from Boston to New York in the late 1880s and the sources of its energy to Chicago and the Midwest. No longer was it produced, at least in its popular forms, in the main by solemn, typically moralistic men from New England and the Old South; no longer were polite, well-dressed, grammatically correct, middle-class young people the only central characters in its narratives; no longer were these narratives to be set in exotic places and remote times; no longer, indeed, were fiction, poetry, drama, and formal history the chief acceptable forms of literary expression; no longer, finally, was literature read primarily by young, middle class women.

In sum, American literature in these years fulfilled in considerable measure the condition Walt Whitman called for in 1867 in describing Leaves of Grass: it treats, he said of his own major work, each state and region as peers "and expands from them, and includes the world ... connecting an American citizen with the citizens of all nations." At the same time, these years saw the emergence of what has been designated "the literature of argument," powerful works in sociology, philosophy, psychology, many of them impelled by the spirit of exposure and reform. Just as America learned to play a role in this half century as an autonomous international political, economic, and military power, so did its literature establish itself as a producer of major works.

All of the following can be inferred from the passage about the American literature EXCEPT____________

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

This rapid transcontinental settlement and these new urban industrial circumstances of the last half of the 19th century were accompanied by the development of a national literature of great abundance and variety. New themes, new forms, new subjects, new regions, new authors, new audiences all emerged in the literature of this half century.

As a result, at the onset of World War I, the spirit and substance of American literature had evolved remarkably, just as its center of production had shifted from Boston to New York in the late 1880s and the sources of its energy to Chicago and the Midwest. No longer was it produced, at least in its popular forms, in the main by solemn, typically moralistic men from New England and the Old South; no longer were polite, well-dressed, grammatically correct, middle-class young people the only central characters in its narratives; no longer were these narratives to be set in exotic places and remote times; no longer, indeed, were fiction, poetry, drama, and formal history the chief acceptable forms of literary expression; no longer, finally, was literature read primarily by young, middle class women.

In sum, American literature in these years fulfilled in considerable measure the condition Walt Whitman called for in 1867 in describing Leaves of Grass: it treats, he said of his own major work, each state and region as peers "and expands from them, and includes the world ... connecting an American citizen with the citizens of all nations." At the same time, these years saw the emergence of what has been designated "the literature of argument," powerful works in sociology, philosophy, psychology, many of them impelled by the spirit of exposure and reform. Just as America learned to play a role in this half century as an autonomous international political, economic, and military power, so did its literature establish itself as a producer of major works.

All of the following can be inferred from the passage about the American literature EXCEPT_______

Complete the magazine article with the passive form of the verbs below.

We are looking for cheap, clean, and effective sources of energy. These types of energy won't cause pollution or waste natural resources of the world. Solar energy will (2) ________by many countries around the world. Solar panels will (3)__________on the roofs of houses and other buildings and the sun's energy will be used to heat water. The energy will (4) ________for a long time. We hope that by using solar energy the problem of the energy shortage will (5) ________.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B , C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

This rapid transcontinental settlement and these new urban industrial circumstances of the last half of the 19th century were accompanied by the development of a national literature of great abundance and variety. New themes, new forms, new subjects, new regions, new authors, new audiences all emerged in the literature of this half century.

As a result, at the onset of World War I, the spirit and substance of American literature had evolved remarkably, just as its center of production had shifted from Boston to New York in the late 1880s and the sources of its energy to Chicago and the Midwest. No longer was it produced, at least in its popular forms, in the main by solemn, typically moralistic men from New England and the Old South; no longer were polite, well-dressed, grammatically correct, middle-class young people the only central characters in its narratives; no longer were these narratives to be set in exotic places and remote times; no longer, indeed, were fiction, poetry, drama, and formal history the chief acceptable forms of literary expression; no longer, finally, was literature read primarily by young, middle class women.

In sum, American literature in these years fulfilled in considerable measure the condition Walt Whitman called for in 1867 in describing Leaves of Grass: it treats, he said of his own major work, each state and region as peers "and expands from them, and includes the world ... connecting an American citizen with the citizens of all nations." At the same time, these years saw the emergence of what has been designated "the literature of argument," powerful works in sociology, philosophy, psychology, many of them impelled by the spirit of exposure and reform. Just as America learned to play a role in this half century as an autonomous international political, economic, and military power, so did its literature establish itself as a producer of major works.

The author uses the word “indeed” in the second paragraph for what purpose?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

This rapid transcontinental settlement and these new urban industrial circumstances of the last half of the 19th century were accompanied by the development of a national literature of great abundance and variety. New themes, new forms, new subjects, new regions, new authors, new audiences all emerged in the literature of this half century.

As a result, at the onset of World War I, the spirit and substance of American literature had evolved remarkably, just as its center of production had shifted from Boston to New York in the late 1880s and the sources of its energy to Chicago and the Midwest. No longer was it produced, at least in its popular forms, in the main by solemn, typically moralistic men from New England and the Old South; no longer were polite, well-dressed, grammatically correct, middle-class young people the only central characters in its narratives; no longer were these narratives to be set in exotic places and remote times; no longer, indeed, were fiction, poetry, drama, and formal history the chief acceptable forms of literary expression; no longer, finally, was literature read primarily by young, middle class women.

In sum, American literature in these years fulfilled in considerable measure the condition Walt Whitman called for in 1867 in describing Leaves of Grass: it treats, he said of his own major work, each state and region as peers "and expands from them, and includes the world ... connecting an American citizen with the citizens of all nations." At the same time, these years saw the emergence of what has been designated "the literature of argument," powerful works in sociology, philosophy, psychology, many of them impelled by the spirit of exposure and reform. Just as America learned to play a role in this half century as an autonomous international political, economic, and military power, so did its literature establish itself as a producer of major works.

The author uses the word “indeed” in the second paragraph for what purpose?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B , C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

This rapid transcontinental settlement and these new urban industrial circumstances of the last half of the 19th century were accompanied by the development of a national literature of great abundance and variety. New themes, new forms, new subjects, new regions, new authors, new audiences all emerged in the literature of this half century.

As a result, at the onset of World War I, the spirit and substance of American literature had evolved remarkably, just as its center of production had shifted from Boston to New York in the late 1880s and the sources of its energy to Chicago and the Midwest. No longer was it produced, at least in its popular forms, in the main by solemn, typically moralistic men from New England and the Old South; no longer were polite, well-dressed, grammatically correct, middle-class young people the only central characters in its narratives; no longer were these narratives to be set in exotic places and remote times; no longer, indeed, were fiction, poetry, drama, and formal history the chief acceptable forms of literary expression; no longer, finally, was literature read primarily by young, middle class women.

In sum, American literature in these years fulfilled in considerable measure the condition Walt Whitman called for in 1867 in describing Leaves of Grass: it treats, he said of his own major work, each state and region as peers "and expands from them, and includes the world ... connecting an American citizen with the citizens of all nations." At the same time, these years saw the emergence of what has been designated "the literature of argument," powerful works in sociology, philosophy, psychology, many of them impelled by the spirit of exposure and reform. Just as America learned to play a role in this half century as an autonomous international political, economic, and military power, so did its literature establish itself as a producer of major works.

This passage would probably be read in which of the following academic courses?