\(P=\dfrac{a^2+b^2+c^2}{ab+bc+ca}\ge\dfrac{ab+bc+ca}{ab+bc+ca}=1\)

\(P_{min}=1\) khi \(a=b=c=1\)

\(P=\dfrac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2-2\left(ab+bc+ca\right)}{ab+bc+ca}=\dfrac{9}{ab+bc+ca}-2\)

Do \(a;b\ge1\Rightarrow\left(a-1\right)\left(b-1\right)\ge0\Rightarrow ab\ge a+b-1=2-c\)

\(\Rightarrow ab+c\left(a+b\right)\ge2-c+c\left(3-c\right)=-c^2+2c+2=c\left(2-c\right)+2\ge2\)

\(\Rightarrow P\le\dfrac{9}{2}-2=\dfrac{5}{2}\)

\(P_{max}=\dfrac{5}{2}\) khi \(\left(a;b;c\right)=\left(1;2;0\right);\left(2;1;0\right)\)

Đặt \(P=\dfrac{a^3}{a^2+b^2+ab}+\dfrac{b^3}{b^2+c^2+bc}+\dfrac{c^3}{c^2+a^2+ca}\)

Ta có: \(\dfrac{a^3}{a^2+b^2+ab}=a-\dfrac{ab\left(a+b\right)}{a^2+b^2+ab}\ge a-\dfrac{ab\left(a+b\right)}{3\sqrt[3]{a^3b^3}}=a-\dfrac{a+b}{3}=\dfrac{2a-b}{3}\)

Tương tự: \(\dfrac{b^3}{b^2+c^2+bc}\ge\dfrac{2b-c}{3}\) ; \(\dfrac{c^3}{c^2+a^2+ca}\ge\dfrac{2c-a}{3}\)

Cộng vế:

\(P\ge\dfrac{a+b+c}{3}=673\)

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=673\)

Lời giải:

Tìm min:

Theo BĐT AM-GM thì: $P=a^2+b^2+c^2\geq ab+bc+ac$ hay $P\geq 9$

Vậy $P_{\min}=9$. Giá trị này đạt tại $a=b=c=\sqrt{3}$

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Tìm max:

$P=a^2+b^2+c^2=(a+b+c)^2-2(ab+bc+ac)=(a+b+c)^2-18$

Vì $a,b,c\geq 1$ nên:

$(a-1)(b-1)\geq 0\Leftrightarrow ab+1\geq a+b$

Hoàn toàn tương tự: $bc+1\geq b+c; ac+1\geq a+c$

Cộng lại: $2(a+b+c)\leq ab+bc+ac+3=12$

$\Rightarrow a+b+c\leq 6$

$\Rightarrow P=(a+b+c)^2-18\leq 6^2-18=18$

Vậy $P_{\max}=18$. Giá trị này đạt tại $(a,b,c)=(1,1,4)$ và hoán vị

Ta có $(a^2+2)(b^2+2)(c^2+2)$

$=a^2b^2c^2+2\sum a^2b^2+4(a^2+b^2+c^2)+8

Suy ra $(a^2+2)(b^2+2)(c^2+2)-18-3(a^2+b^2+c^2)$

$=a^2b^2c^2+2\sum a^2b^2+(a^2+b^2+c^2)-10$

Đặt $s=a^2+b^2+c^2$

Ta có $s\ge ab+bc+ca=3$ và $\sum a^2b^2\ge ab+bc+ca=3$

(vì $ab+bc+ca=3$ và $\sum a^2b^2\ge \dfrac{(ab+bc+ca)^2}{3}$).

Do đó $a^2b^2c^2+2\sum a^2b^2+s-10$$\ge 0+2\cdot3+3-10$$=-1$

Mặt khác $\sum a^2b^2\ge \dfrac{(ab+bc+ca)^2}{3}=3$ nên $a^2b^2c^2+2\sum a^2b^2+s-10$

$\ge a^2b^2c^2+s-4$

Lại có $(ab+bc+ca)^2\ge 3abc(a+b+c)$

$\Rightarrow a+b+c\le \dfrac3{abc}$ và $s=(a+b+c)^2-6\ge \dfrac9{a^2b^2c^2}-6$

Đặt $t=abc$.

Khi đó $a^2b^2c^2+s-4\ge t^2+\dfrac9{t^2}-10$

$=\left(t-\dfrac3t\right)^2-4\ge0$

(vì từ $ab+bc+ca=3$ suy ra $t\le1$).

Vậy $\boxed{(a^2+2)(b^2+2)(c^2+2)-18\ge 3(a^2+b^2+c^2)}.$

Dấu bằng khi $\boxed{a=b=c=1.}$

Ta có: a+b+c=0

nên a+b=-c

Ta có: \(a^2-b^2-c^2\)

\(=a^2-\left(b^2+c^2\right)\)

\(=a^2-\left[\left(b+c\right)^2-2bc\right]\)

\(=a^2-\left(b+c\right)^2+2bc\)

\(=\left(a-b-c\right)\left(a+b+c\right)+2bc\)

\(=2bc\)

Ta có: \(b^2-c^2-a^2\)

\(=b^2-\left(c^2+a^2\right)\)

\(=b^2-\left[\left(c+a\right)^2-2ca\right]\)

\(=b^2-\left(c+a\right)^2+2ca\)

\(=\left(b-c-a\right)\left(b+c+a\right)+2ca\)

\(=2ac\)

Ta có: \(c^2-a^2-b^2\)

\(=c^2-\left(a^2+b^2\right)\)

\(=c^2-\left[\left(a+b\right)^2-2ab\right]\)

\(=c^2-\left(a+b\right)^2+2ab\)

\(=\left(c-a-b\right)\left(c+a+b\right)+2ab\)

\(=2ab\)

Ta có: \(M=\dfrac{a^2}{a^2-b^2-c^2}+\dfrac{b^2}{b^2-c^2-a^2}+\dfrac{c^2}{c^2-a^2-b^2}\)

\(=\dfrac{a^2}{2bc}+\dfrac{b^2}{2ac}+\dfrac{c^2}{2ab}\)

\(=\dfrac{a^3+b^3+c^3}{2abc}\)

Ta có: \(a^3+b^3+c^3\)

\(=\left(a+b\right)^3+c^3-3ab\left(a+b\right)\)

\(=\left(a+b+c\right)\left(a^2+2ab+b^2-ca-cb+c^2\right)-3ab\left(a+b\right)\)

\(=-3ab\left(a+b\right)\)

Thay \(a^3+b^3+c^3=-3ab\left(a+b\right)\) vào biểu thức \(=\dfrac{a^3+b^3+c^3}{2abc}\), ta được: 

\(M=\dfrac{-3ab\left(a+b\right)}{2abc}=\dfrac{-3\left(a+b\right)}{2c}\)

\(=\dfrac{-3\cdot\left(-c\right)}{2c}=\dfrac{3c}{2c}=\dfrac{3}{2}\)

Vậy: \(M=\dfrac{3}{2}\)

TA có: \(3\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)-\left(a+b+c\right)^2\)

\(=3a^2+3b^2+3c^2-a^2-b^2-c^2-2ab-2ac-2bc\)

\(=2a^2+2b^2+2c^2-2ab-2ac-2bc\)

\(=\left(a^2-2ab+b^2\right)+\left(a^2-2ac+c^2\right)+\left(b^2+c^2-2bc\right)=\left(a-b\right)^2+\left(a-c\right)^2+\left(b-c\right)^2\ge0\forall a,b,c\)

=>\(3\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)\ge\left(a+b+c\right)^2\) (1)

Ta có: \(\left(a+b+c\right)^2-3\left(ab+ac+bc\right)\)

\(=a^2+b^2+c^2+2ab+2ac+2bc-3ab-3ac-3bc\)

\(=a^2+b^2+c^2-ab-ac-bc=\frac12\left(2a^2+2b^2+2c^2-2ab-2ac-2bc\right)\)

\(=\frac12\cdot\left\lbrack\left(a^2-2ab+b^2\right)+\left(a^2-2ac+c^2\right)+\left(b^2+c^2-2bc\right)\right\rbrack\)

\(=\frac12\cdot\left\lbrack\left(a-b\right)^2+\left(a-c\right)^2+\left(b-c\right)^2\right\rbrack>=0\forall a,b,c\)

=>\(\left(a+b+c\right)^2\ge3\left(ab+ac+bc\right)\) (2)

Từ (1),(2) suy ra \(3\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)\ge\left(a+b+c\right)^2\ge3\left(ab+ac+bc\right)\)

c: Ta có: \(a\left(a+2b\right)^3-b\left(2a+b\right)^3\)

\(=a^4+6a^3b+12a^2b^2+8ab^3-8a^3b-12a^2b^2-6ab^3-b^4\)

\(=a^4-2a^3b+2ab^3-b^4\)

\(=\left(a-b\right)\left(a+b\right)\left(a^2+b^2\right)-2ab\left(a^2-b^2\right)\)

\(=\left(a-b\right)^3\cdot\left(a+b\right)\)

=>2a^2+2b^2+2c^2-2ab-2bc-2ac>=0

=>(a-b)^2+(b-c)^2+(a-c)^2>=0(luôn đúng)

Xét hiệu a^2+b^2+c^2-ab-ac-bc=1/2.2(a^2+b^2+c^2-ab-ac-bc)

=1/2(2a^2+2b^2+2c^2-2ab-2ac-2bc)

=1/2[(a^2-2ab+b^2)+(a^2-2ac+c^2)+(b^2-2bc+c^2)]
=1/2.[(a-b)^2+(a-c)^2+(b-c)^2]

vì (a-b)^2+(a-c)^2+(b-c)^2>=0
nên 1/2.[(a-b)^2+(a-c)^2+(b-c)^2]>=0
hay a^2+b^2+c^2-ab-ac-bc >=0<=> a^2+b^2+c^2>=ab+ac+bc

Câu hỏi của Hattory Heiji - Toán lớp 8 - Học toán với OnlineMath

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