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Reading (City life)
Cities drive economic growth and generate almost 70 percent of global GDP. However, they also consume large (1) __________ of energy and water, causing about 60 percent of worldwide greenhouse gas emissions. To limit global warming to 1.5°C, urban areas play a vital role and must commit (2) __________ climate action.
Local governments can (3) __________ harmful emissions and build climate resilience by taking practical steps. For instance, they can invest in clean energy, improve building efficiency, and support public transport. Urban planners should also expand parks and green spaces to reduce extreme heat, while coastal regions need stronger sea barriers and mangroves to prevent flooding. These green policies not only protect the environment but also (4) __________ the local economy.
(5) __________, international frameworks and national climate pledges encourage cities to establish sustainable targets. Organizations like the UNDP currently support local authorities across many countries by providing technical assistance and climate financing. Through (6) __________, cities can reduce severe risks, adapt to environmental changes, and ensure sustainable development for future generations.
Urbanisation refers to the rising proportion of people living in towns and cities compared to rural regions. This continuous shift fuels rapid urban growth, (1) __________ presents serious challenges depending on a country's economic stage.
According to global data, High-Income Countries (HICs) already have (2) __________ urban populations, so their urbanisation rates remain low. In contrast, Low-Income Countries (LICs) and Newly Emerging Economies (NEEs) experience fast growth. In fact, the faster an economy develops, (3) __________ the pressure on local infrastructure becomes.
This expansion happens primarily through rural-to-urban migration and natural increase. While rural areas face harsh push factors like (4) __________, cities offer better job opportunities and improved healthcare. When rural life becomes too difficult, people often decide to (5) __________ and move to urban centres in search of a brighter future. Additionally, higher birth rates among young urban residents contribute significantly to population gains.
If local authorities (6) __________ carefully for this influx, basic public services will soon fail to meet rising demands. Consequently, unchecked expansion is leading to the rise of megacities worldwide, especially across developing nations.
Due to rapid urbanisation and continuous expansion, Hà Nội is experiencing severe air pollution, (1) __________. This environmental problem becomes especially serious during winter when dry weather and light wind trap harmful substances close to the ground.
(2) __________. Millions of outdated vehicles operate without proper inspection. Therefore, traffic authorities are considering stricter emission standards to phase out old motorbikes. Additionally, dust from construction sites and illegal agricultural burning worsen the overall air quality. To tackle this crisis, (3) __________ by local authorities to eliminate straw burning near highways and the international airport. At the same time, the city is encouraging private companies to collect and reuse straw as an eco-friendly material.
According to experts from the World Bank, environmental issues require strong regional cooperation with neighbouring provinces. The capital needs to develop a comprehensive strategy that promotes electric vehicles, enforces vehicle emission standards, (4) __________. Furthermore, industrial facilities and traditional craft villages must reduce fossil fuel consumption and switch to renewable energy sources.
The longer the government delays implementing these environmental policies, (5) __________. Raising public awareness is equally vital for lasting change. If citizens and authorities take immediate action together, Hà Nội will successfully reduce its harmful emissions and ensure a cleaner, healthier future.
Complete the summary below by choosing NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text for each answer.
Modern cities are dynamic hubs of activity, continuously shaped and energised by the people who reside within them. Among the numerous factors that contribute to this vitality, urban entertainment plays a pivotal role. From theatrical productions and live musical performances to visual art exhibitions, cultural activities enrich our daily routines, define our shared identity, and directly support both the economic prosperity and social cohesion of urban communities.
Firstly, city entertainment fosters a strong sense of community and social belonging. When residents gather to attend local festivals or artistic performances, they participate in shared experiences that strengthen community ties. A notable illustration is Wilmington's Grand Opera House, an institution that has welcomed audiences for more than a century. Serving as a central cultural focal point, such historic venues demonstrate how sustained investment in the arts helps preserve cultural heritage while bringing diverse groups of people together in meaningful ways.
Furthermore, a thriving cultural scene significantly stimulates economic growth. Performance venues, art galleries, and recreational districts attract both local residents and domestic and international travellers. This influx of visitors generates substantial revenue for adjacent sectors, including hospitality, retail, and food services. In numerous metropolises, strategic investments in entertainment infrastructure have successfully transformed neglected districts into vibrant commercial quarters, creating valuable employment opportunities and reinforcing long-term economic stability.
Finally, urban entertainment provides individuals with accessible opportunities for personal growth and cultural enrichment. Experiencing unfamiliar art forms or innovative theatrical work encourages critical thinking, broadens intellectual horizons, and enhances cross-cultural understanding. When municipal leaders prioritize diverse entertainment programming, they cultivate a well-informed, empathetic, and socially active citizenry capable of contributing constructively to modern society.
In conclusion, urban entertainment should not be regarded as a superficial indulgence; rather, it constitutes an essential pillar of balanced urban development. It unites disparate populations, strengthens municipal finance, and elevates civic well-being.
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SUMMARY
Urban entertainment shapes modern cities by providing social, financial, and individual value. Participating in local artistic events allows residents to foster a strong sense of community. When people attend concerts or theatre productions together, these meaningful (1) __________ build unity across diverse backgrounds. Historic performance spaces serve as an enduring cultural focal point, protecting regional (2) __________ while bringing diverse groups of people together.
The presence of lively creative venues simultaneously stimulates (3) __________. By attracting domestic and international visitors, these sites bring substantial spending into neighbouring shops, hotels, and restaurants. Reinvesting in arts (4) __________ revitalises commercial districts and generates dependable employment opportunities for local workers. Beyond these broad impacts, varied arts programming offers citizens accessible paths toward (5) __________ and cultural enrichment. Encountering new artistic perspectives encourages (6) __________ and active civic participation. Supporting public entertainment ensures balanced city development and improves overall community well-being.
1. Hà Nội is actively reshaping its urban landscape by taking down metal barriers around recreational grounds to create welcoming, open green spaces for daily routines. In line with the city's master plan, this project marks a clear transition toward stronger social cohesion, allowing local inhabitants to enter public grounds freely from any angle.
2. Recreational areas like Thống Nhất and Cầu Giấy have already witnessed significant improvements. Without restrictive boundary fences or admission fees, attendance figures have climbed dramatically. Senior citizens take part in morning workouts under shaded paths, young people gather in playgrounds, and office commuters frequently cut across these grounds during their daily journeys. In addition, eliminating physical boundaries integrates nature directly with adjacent roadways, reducing visual clutter in overcrowded neighborhoods.
3. Nonetheless, this policy shift introduces several administrative difficulties. [I] A larger volume of foot traffic exerts heavy pressure on municipal services, cleanliness, and infrastructure upkeep. [II] Municipal authorities state that sustainable development depends on deploying regular security patrols, allocating designated trading zones, and raising public awareness among park visitors. [III]
4. In essence, Hà Nội's contemporary approach turns ordinary public spaces into vibrant centres of communal interaction instead of closed-off locations. [IV] By encouraging civic responsibility and focusing on inclusive city planning, the municipal government is building a healthier and more sustainable living environment for all residents.
The word inhabitants in paragraph 1 could be best replaced by __________.
Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 2?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the groups of park users in paragraph 2?
The word deploying in paragraph 3 is OPPOSITE in meaning to __________.
Where in the passage does the following sentence best fit?
Problems such as illegal parking and unauthorised street vendors have also appeared in specific spots.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
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