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Một cục ***** ra 9 cục ***** nhá.
Chúc bạn học tốt!
Nguyên tử | Số p trong hạt nhân | Số e trong nguyên tử | Số lớp electron | Số e lớp ngoài cùng |
Heli | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 |
Cacbon | 6 QUẢNG CÁO | 6 | 2 | 4 |
Nhôm | 13 | 13 | 3 | 3 |
Canxi | 20 | 20 | 4 | 2 |
Nguồn : https://baitapsgk.com/lop-8/hoa-lop-8/bai-5-trang-16-sgk-hoa-hoc-8-hay-chi-ra-so-p-trong-hat-nhan-so-e-trong-nguyen-tu-va-so-e-lop-ngoai-cung-cua-moi-nguyen-tu.html
Nguyên tử | Số p trong hạt nhân | Số e trong nguyên tử | Số lớp electron | Số e lớp ngoài cùng |
Heli | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 |
Cacbon | 6 | 6 | 2 | 4 |
Nhôm | 13 | 13 | 3 | 3 |
Canxi | 20 | 20 | 4 | 2 |
đây là sinh lần sau bn nên vào h nha chúc bn hc tốt
HỆ THỐNG KIẾN THỨC TIẾNG ANH LỚP 8
A. Các dạng câu thường gặp:
1. Câu bị động đặc biệt:
1.1 Câu bị động với think/believe/say...:
a, + CĐ: S (People, They,.....) + say/think/believe...+ that +.........
+ BĐ: S + is/am/are + said/thought/believed...+ to V............
→ It + is/am/are + said/thought/believed... that +............
b, + CĐ: S (People,They,.....) + said/thought/believed...+ that....
+ BĐ: S + was/were + said/thought/believed...+ to have + V(pII)
→ It + was/were+ said/thought/believed... that +............
Eg: - People believe that 13 is an unlucky number.
→ 13 is belived to be an unlucky number.
→ It is believed that 13 is an unlucky number.
2. Câu bị động với "have":
+ CĐ: S + have/has/had + sb + V + st+ .......
+ BĐ: S + have/has/had + st + V(pII) + (by sb)...
Eg: I had him repair my bicycle yesterday.
=> I had my bicycle repaired yesterday.
3. Câu bị động với "get":
+ CĐ: S + get/gets/got + sb + to V + st +.......
+ BĐ: S + get/gets/got + st + V(pII) + (by sb)...
Eg: I got him to repair my car last week.
=> I got my car repaired last week.
4. Câu bị động với "make":
+ CĐ: S + make/made + sb + V + st +......
+ BĐ: S (sb) + is/are//was/were made + to V+ st +......
Eg: The step mother made Littele Pea do the chores all day.
→ Littele Pea was made to do the chores all day.
5. Need:
+ CĐ: S + need + to V+ st +........
+ BĐ: S (st)+ need + to be V(pII).
→ S (st)+ need+ V-ing.
Eg: You need to cut your hair.
→Your hair need to be cut.
→ Your hair need cutting.
2.Câu trực tiếp,gián tiếp:
I.Các dạng câu chuyển gián tiếp:
1.Câu mệnh lệnh, yêu cầu:
- Câu mệnh lệnh, yêu cầu có các dạng:
"(Don't) + V +.....+ (please)"
"Will/Would/Can/Could + S + (not) +......+ (please)?"
"Would you mind + (not) + V-ing +.....?"
=>S + told/asked/warned (cảnh báo)/begged (cầu xin)/ordered (ra lệnh)/reminded (nhắc nhở)+ O + (not) toV...
Eg:- "Listen carefully" The teacher said to us.
=>The teacher told/asked us to listen carefully
*Câu yêu cầu với động từ tường thuật "asked" có dạng:
-"I'd like+........"
-"Can/Could I have+........"
Khi chuyển gián tiếp ta áp dụng công thức:
S+asked(+O)+for+st+.....
Eg: In the café,the man said: "I'd like a cup of tea".
=>The man asked for a cup of tea.
2.Lời khuyên:
-Lời khuyên có các dạng:
"S+should(not)/ought (not) to/had better(not)+V+........"
"Why don't you+V+......."
"If I were you, I would+V+......."
=>S1+said+(to+O)+that+S2+should+V+.......
=>S+advised/encouraged(khuyến khích)+ O+to V+.......
Eg:-"You should run faster" The teacher said.
=>The teacher said that I should run faster.
=>The teacher advised me to run faster.
-"Why don't you take off your coat?"She said.
=>She advised me to take off my coat.
-"If I were you,I would stop smoking"He said.
=>He advised me to stop smoking.
-"Go on,apply for the job"Mrs.Smith said.
=> Mrs.Smith encouraged me to apply for the job"
3.Câu trần thuật:
Câu trần thuật có dạng: "S+V(s/es/ed/pI/pII)+......."
=>S+said+that+S+V(lùi thì)+.........
Eg: "I will have an important contest tomorrow."She said.
=>She said that she would have an important contest the next day.
4.Câu hỏi:
a,Yes/No questions:
Yes/No question có dạng: "Trợ động từ+S+V+.....?"
=>S1+asked+O+if/whether+S2(O)+V(lùi thì)+......
Eg: "Do you like SNSD?" Seohyun said to Kyuhyun.
=> Seohyun asked Kyuhyun if/whether he liked SNSD.
b,Wh questions:
Wh questions có dạng: "Wh+trợ động từ+S+V+.....?"
=>S1+asked+O+Wh+S2(O)+V(lùi thì)+.......
Eg: "Where will you go tomorrow?" She said.
=>She asked me Where I would go the next day.
5.Lời mời,gợi ý:
a, Lời mời:
Lời mời có dạng: "Would you like+Noun/toV+......?"
=>S+invited+O+toV+......
Eg: "Would you like to come to my birthday party"Su said to Seohyun.
=> Su invited Seohyun to come to his birthday party.
b,Lời gợi ý:
Lời gợi ý có dạng:
"Let's+V+.....!"= "Shall we+V+.....?"
"What/How about + V-ing/N +......?"
"Why don't we/you+ V+....?"
* Nếu chủ ngữ tham gia vào hành động.( "Let's + V +.....!" ; "Shall we + V +.....?" ;
"What/How about + V-ing/N +......?" "Why don't we +V+....?"):
=>S + suggested + V-ing +......
* Nếu chủ ngữ không tham gia vào hành động mà chỉ gợi ý cho người khác.( "Why don't you+V+....?")
=>S1 + suggested + that + S2 + should + V +......
Eg:-"Let's go to the movies"The boy said.
=>The boy suggested going to the movies.
c,Những câu có dạng:
"I'll+V+.....+if you like."
"Shall/Can/Could I+V+....?"
"Would you like me+toV+.....?"
Khi chuyển gián tiếp ta sử dụng động từ tường thuật "offered" công thức:
S+ offered + toV +.......+ if you like.
Eg:- "Would you like me to finish the work tonight?
=>I'll finish the work tonight if you like.
=>I offered to finish the work tonight if you like.
6. Câu cảm thán:
-Câu cảm thán có dạng:
"What + (a/an) + adj + Noun!"
"How + adj + S + V!"
=>S1+exclaimed+that+S2+V/be(lùi thì)+........
Eg: "What a lovely teddy bear!"The girl said.
= "How lovely the teddy bear is!The girl said.
=>The girl exclaimed that the teddy bear was lovely.
7.Lời nhắc nhở:.
"Remember..." Khi chuyển sang gián tiếp ta áp dụng cấu trúc sau:
"Don't forget..." S + reminded+ sb+ toV+....
Eg: She said to me; "Don't forget to ring me up tomorrow evening"
=> She reminded me to ring her up the next eveining.
8. Sự đồng ý về quan điểm như: all right, yes, of course (áp dụng cấu trúc sau):
S + agreed + to V...
Eg: "All right, I'll wait for you" He said.
=> He agreed to wait for me.
9.Câu trực tiếp diễn tả điều mong muốn như: would like, wish.Khi chuyển gián tiếp áp dụng cấu trúc:
S + wanted + O + to V+...
Eg: "I'd like Trung to be a famous person."Trung's English teacher.
=> Trung's English teacher wanted him to be a famous person.
10. Từ chối : S + refused + to V +...
Eg: 'No, I won't lend you my car"
=> He refused to lend me his car.
11. Lời hứa: S + promised to V+.....
Eg: 'I'll send you a card on your birthday"
=> He promised to send me a card on my birthday.
12.Cảm ơn,xin lỗi:
a,Cảm ơn: S + thanked (+O) (for+V-ing/st) +.....
Eg: "It was nice of you to help me. Thank you very much," Tom said to you.
=>Tom thanked me for helping him.
b,Xin lỗi: S+ apologized (+to O) + for (+not) + (V-ing/st) +.......
Eg: "I'm sorry I'm late," Peter said.
=>Peter apologized for being late.
13.Chúc mừng:
S + congratulated + O + on + V-ing/st+......
Eg: John said, "I heard you received the scholarship. Congratulations!"
---> John congratulated me on receiving the scholarship.
14. . Mơ ước:
S + dreamed + of + V-ing/st+.....
Eg: "I want to pass the exam with flying colours," John said.
=> John dreamed of passing the exam with flying colours.
Đây nhé, chúc 2 bạn học tốt =)))
