Ta có $\dfrac1{a^2+a}=\dfrac1{a(a+1)}$

Theo bất đẳng thức Cauchy Engel,

$\left(\sum\dfrac1{a(a+1)}\right)\left(\sum a(a+1)\right)\ge (1+1+1)^2=9$

Suy ra $\sum\dfrac1{a^2+a}\ge \dfrac9{a^2+b^2+c^2+a+b+c}$$\ge \dfrac9{\dfrac{(a+b+c)^2}{\,}+3}$$=\dfrac9{9+3}$$=\dfrac34$

Cách trên chưa đủ mạnh.

Dùng Cauchy–Engel:

$\sum\dfrac1{a^2+a}\ge \dfrac{(1+1+1)^2}{a^2+b^2+c^2+a+b+c}$

$=\dfrac9{a^2+b^2+c^2+3}$

Mà $a^2+b^2+c^2\le (a+b+c)^2=9$ nên $\sum\dfrac1{a^2+a}\ge \dfrac9{12}=\dfrac34$.

Để đạt cận $\dfrac32$, dùng tiếp bất đẳng thức

$\dfrac1{a(a+1)}\ge \dfrac{2(1-a)}{a}$ không thuận lợi.

Ta áp dụng Titu:

$\sum\dfrac1{a(a+1)}\ge \dfrac{(1+1+1)^2}{a(a+1)+b(b+1)+c(c+1)}$

$=\dfrac9{a^2+b^2+c^2+3}$$\ge \dfrac9{(a+b+c)^2-2(ab+bc+ca)+3}$

$=\dfrac9{12-2(ab+bc+ca)}$

Mà $ab+bc+ca\le 3$ nên $\sum\dfrac1{a(a+1)}\ge \dfrac9{12-6}=\dfrac32$

Dấu bằng khi $a=b=c=1$.

$\frac1{a^2+a}+\frac1{b^2+b}+\frac1{c^2+c}\ge \frac32.$

Ta có $\dfrac1{a^2+a}=\dfrac1{a(a+1)}$

Theo bất đẳng thức Cauchy Engel,

$\left(\sum\dfrac1{a(a+1)}\right)\left(\sum a(a+1)\right)\ge (1+1+1)^2=9$

Suy ra $\sum\dfrac1{a^2+a}\ge \dfrac9{a^2+b^2+c^2+a+b+c}$$\ge \dfrac9{\dfrac{(a+b+c)^2}{\,}+3}$$=\dfrac9{9+3}$$=\dfrac34$

Cách trên chưa đủ mạnh.

Dùng Cauchy–Engel:

$\sum\dfrac1{a^2+a}\ge \dfrac{(1+1+1)^2}{a^2+b^2+c^2+a+b+c}$

$=\dfrac9{a^2+b^2+c^2+3}$

Mà $a^2+b^2+c^2\le (a+b+c)^2=9$ nên $\sum\dfrac1{a^2+a}\ge \dfrac9{12}=\dfrac34$.

Để đạt cận $\dfrac32$, dùng tiếp bất đẳng thức

$\dfrac1{a(a+1)}\ge \dfrac{2(1-a)}{a}$ không thuận lợi.

Ta áp dụng Titu:

$\sum\dfrac1{a(a+1)}\ge \dfrac{(1+1+1)^2}{a(a+1)+b(b+1)+c(c+1)}$

$=\dfrac9{a^2+b^2+c^2+3}$$\ge \dfrac9{(a+b+c)^2-2(ab+bc+ca)+3}$

$=\dfrac9{12-2(ab+bc+ca)}$

Mà $ab+bc+ca\le 3$ nên $\sum\dfrac1{a(a+1)}\ge \dfrac9{12-6}=\dfrac32$

Dấu bằng khi $a=b=c=1$.

$\frac1{a^2+a}+\frac1{b^2+b}+\frac1{c^2+c}\ge \frac32.$

a) Áp dụng Cauchy Schwars ta có:

\(M=\frac{a^2}{a+1}+\frac{b^2}{b+1}+\frac{c^2}{c+1}\ge\frac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{a+b+c+3}=\frac{9}{6}=\frac{3}{2}\)

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi: a = b = c = 1

b) \(N=\frac{1}{a}+\frac{4}{b+1}+\frac{9}{c+2}\ge\frac{\left(1+2+3\right)^2}{a+b+c+3}=\frac{36}{6}=6\)

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi: x=y=1

86 vì ta học lớp 9

Ta có: \(a\left(b^2-1\right)\left(c^2-1\right)+b\left(a^2-1\right)\left(c^2-1\right)+c\left(a^2-1\right)\left(b^2-1\right)\)

\(=a\left(b^2c^2-b^2-c^2+1\right)+b\left(a^2c^2-a^2-c^2+1\right)\)

\(+c\left(a^2b^2-a^2-b^2+1\right)\)

\(=ab^2c^2-ab^2-ac^2+a+ba^2c^2-a^2b-bc^2+b\)

\(+ca^2b^2-a^2c-b^2c+c\)

\(=\left(ab^2c^2+ba^2c^2+ca^2b^2\right)+\left(a+b+c\right)\)

\(-\left(ab^2+ac^2+a^2b+bc^2+a^2c+b^2c\right)\)

\(=abc\left(bc+ac+ab\right)+\left(a+b+c\right)\)\(-\left[ab\left(a+b\right)+bc\left(b+c\right)+ca\left(c+a\right)\right]\)

\(=abc\left(bc+ac+ab\right)+\left(a+b+c\right)+3abc\)\(-\left[ab\left(a+b+c\right)+bc\left(a+b+c\right)+ca\left(a+b+c\right)\right]\)

\(=abc\left(bc+ac+ab\right)+\left(a+b+c\right)+3abc\)\(-\left(a+b+c\right)\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\)

\(=abc\left(bc+ac+ab\right)+abc+3abc\)\(-abc\left(ab+bc+ca\right)=4abc\)

Vậy \(a\left(b^2-1\right)\left(c^2-1\right)+b\left(a^2-1\right)\left(c^2-1\right)+c\left(a^2-1\right)\left(b^2-1\right)=4abc\)(đpcm)

\(\left(a+b+c\right)^2=a^2+b^2+c^2\Leftrightarrow ab+bc+ca=0\)

\(\Rightarrow a^3b^3+b^3c^3+c^3a^3=3a^2b^2c^2\)

Ta có:

\(\dfrac{bc}{a^2}+\dfrac{ac}{b^2}+\dfrac{ab}{c^2}=\dfrac{a^3b^3+b^3c^3+c^3a^3}{a^2b^2c^2}=\dfrac{3a^2b^2c^2}{a^2b^2c^2}=3\)

$a^2+b^2+c^2-2(ab+bc+ca)=(a+b+c)^2-4(ab+bc+ca)$

$\ge (a+b+c)^2-\dfrac43(a+b+c)^2\qquad \left(ab+bc+ca\le\dfrac{(a+b+c)^2}{3}\right)$$=-\dfrac13(a+b+c)^2$

Lại có $(a+b+c)^2\ge 3\sqrt[3]{a^2b^2c^2}=3(abc)^{\frac23}<3$ nên cách này không đủ mạnh.

Ta dùng $a^2+b^2+c^2-2(ab+bc+ca)=(a-b)^2+(b-c)^2+(c-a)^2-(ab+bc+ca)$

$\ge -(ab+bc+ca)$

Theo AM-GM,

$ab+bc+ca\le 3\left(\dfrac{ab+bc+ca}{3}\right)\le 3$ và do $abc<1$ nên không thể có $ab=bc=ca=1$.

Suy ra $ab+bc+ca<3$

$\Rightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2-2(ab+bc+ca)>-3$

$\boxed{a^2+b^2+c^2-2(ab+bc+ca)>-3.}$

Ta có: a+b+c=0

nên a+b=-c

Ta có: \(a^2-b^2-c^2\)

\(=a^2-\left(b^2+c^2\right)\)

\(=a^2-\left[\left(b+c\right)^2-2bc\right]\)

\(=a^2-\left(b+c\right)^2+2bc\)

\(=\left(a-b-c\right)\left(a+b+c\right)+2bc\)

\(=2bc\)

Ta có: \(b^2-c^2-a^2\)

\(=b^2-\left(c^2+a^2\right)\)

\(=b^2-\left[\left(c+a\right)^2-2ca\right]\)

\(=b^2-\left(c+a\right)^2+2ca\)

\(=\left(b-c-a\right)\left(b+c+a\right)+2ca\)

\(=2ac\)

Ta có: \(c^2-a^2-b^2\)

\(=c^2-\left(a^2+b^2\right)\)

\(=c^2-\left[\left(a+b\right)^2-2ab\right]\)

\(=c^2-\left(a+b\right)^2+2ab\)

\(=\left(c-a-b\right)\left(c+a+b\right)+2ab\)

\(=2ab\)

Ta có: \(M=\dfrac{a^2}{a^2-b^2-c^2}+\dfrac{b^2}{b^2-c^2-a^2}+\dfrac{c^2}{c^2-a^2-b^2}\)

\(=\dfrac{a^2}{2bc}+\dfrac{b^2}{2ac}+\dfrac{c^2}{2ab}\)

\(=\dfrac{a^3+b^3+c^3}{2abc}\)

Ta có: \(a^3+b^3+c^3\)

\(=\left(a+b\right)^3+c^3-3ab\left(a+b\right)\)

\(=\left(a+b+c\right)\left(a^2+2ab+b^2-ca-cb+c^2\right)-3ab\left(a+b\right)\)

\(=-3ab\left(a+b\right)\)

Thay \(a^3+b^3+c^3=-3ab\left(a+b\right)\) vào biểu thức \(=\dfrac{a^3+b^3+c^3}{2abc}\), ta được: 

\(M=\dfrac{-3ab\left(a+b\right)}{2abc}=\dfrac{-3\left(a+b\right)}{2c}\)

\(=\dfrac{-3\cdot\left(-c\right)}{2c}=\dfrac{3c}{2c}=\dfrac{3}{2}\)

Vậy: \(M=\dfrac{3}{2}\)